1. 2 ng of a 2500 base pairs double stranded DNA is obtained from a National Genetic Laboratory in Ghana. The purpose is to amplify the DNA using recombinant techniques. a. What is a recombinant DNA? b. In addition to the DNA provided, what other DNAs and enzymes are needed to produce a recombinant DNA. Explain their role in designing the recombinant DNA. [9 marks] c. If the 2500 base pairs DNA contained 27% cytosines, calculate the percentage guanines, thymines and adenines. [6 marks] d. After sequencing, you realized that 4 adenines of the 2500 double stranded DNA were mutated to cytosines, calculate the percentage adenines, thymines, cytosines and guanines. [8 marks]

Convergent evolution Two distantly related species acquire similar traits independently is correct answer

Convergent evolution in evolutionary biology is the evolution where two species that are not related to each other but developed similar traits independently due to having same ecological niche and environmental conditions. For example, wings of insect and birds.

Convergent evolution is When species have very different characteristics, but share a common ancestor. Similar structure, different function.

Small changes observed in a population across a geographical range that matches the concept of gradual divergence that, over time could lead to the formation of a new species is known as Continuous variation

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The recent decline in global birth rates will result in a decline in the world population within the next 50 years.The statement is true that the recent decline in global birth rates will result in a decline in the world population within the next 50 years.

A decrease in fertility rates lowers population development rates, leading to population declines. The birth rate is defined as the number of births per 1,000 persons in a year. The most important factor driving population growth is fertility, which is defined as the average number of children born to women during their childbearing years.

Most of the world's regions, including Europe, Asia, and North America, are predicted to see a decrease in population by the mid-century. Despite increasing population development in Africa, population development rates there are expected to decline as well.Africa's population has been increasing due to high birth rates. Its population is expected to grow from 1.3 billion to 2.5 billion by 2050, accounting for more than half of the world's total population growth. Europe's population, on the other hand, is expected to fall from 742 million to 630 million by 2100.

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During the power stroke, the myosin head binds to the actin filament and releases a phosphate group, causing a conformational change that results in the myosin head pulling on the actin filament.

This movement brings the Z-lines of the sarcomere closer together, shortening the muscle fiber and producing force. The energy used in this process is stored in the form of ATP molecules, which are broken down by the myosin ATPase enzyme to provide the necessary energy for the power stroke.

This process is repeated multiple times during muscle contraction, allowing for smooth and controlled movement.

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Answer:

Phosphorus cycles between living things and the soil.

Plants absorb phosphates from the soil and turn them into organic compounds through assimilation.

Animals eat plants and pass the phosphorus through the food chain from one animal to the other.

An animal dies and decomposes, returning the phosphorus to the soil.

Explanation:

A protein is referred to as a cellular  transportation which is therefore denoted as option D.

This is referred to as a large biomolecule and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues with various types of functions.

Transport proteins are proteins that transport substances across biological membranes. They are found within the membrane itself, where they form a channel, or a carrying mechanism, to allow their substrate to pass from one side to the other thereby making option D the correct choice.

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A protein is referred to as a cellular  transportation

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, that are composed of long chains of amino acids. They are essential components of all living organisms and play a wide variety of roles in the body, including as enzymes, hormones, structural components, transporters, and receptors.

Proteins are synthesized in cells through a process called translation, in which the sequence of nucleotides in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to direct the synthesis of a specific protein. After synthesis, proteins may undergo post-translational modifications such as folding, glycosylation, phosphorylation, and others, which can further affect their structure and function.

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FTO is the gene responsible for causing obesity in child .

obesity can be caused by many lifestyle issues like little activity and eating high mount of calories food and drinks . But this disease is also related to  genetic and hormonal factors that might play an important role . many Studies have concluded  that the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) genotype is associated with individual instability in weight loss with response to diet lifestyle interventions, but results are inconsistent.

Fto is mostly downregulated during fasting and upregulated during feeding, and that variation in Fto resulting in decreased expression or activity might provide a signal that promotes feeding and obesity.

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Function, Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, Significance, Considerations.

HOPE IT HELPS :)

Answer:

The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration; the products of cellular respiration are the reactants for photosynthesis.

Explanation:

Photosynthesis uses CO2, sunlight, and H2O to create glucose (C6H12O6) and O2. Cellular respiration uses glucose (C6H12O6) and O2 to create ATP (energy molecules), carbon dioxide, and H2O. One cannot exist without the other. They also help balance out CO2 and O2 levels in the atmosphere.

Genetics plays a crucial role in various fields today. Some prominent applications include Medicine, Agriculture, Forensic Science, Evolutionary Biology, Conservation Biology, and Genealogy.

1. Medicine: Genetics aids in understanding genetic diseases, enabling the development of personalized medicine, gene therapy, and pharmacogenomics. It helps medical professionals tailor treatments based on an individual's genetic makeup.

2. Agriculture: Genetic engineering is used to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs) with desirable traits, such as resistance to pests, improved nutritional content, and increased yield. This technology contributes to food security and sustainable agriculture practices.

3. Forensic Science: Genetic analysis, specifically DNA fingerprinting, is employed in forensics to identify individuals and establish paternity or biological relationships. It assists in solving criminal cases and identifying disaster victims.

4. Evolutionary Biology: Genetics helps researchers understand evolutionary relationships among species, as well as the underlying mechanisms of evolution, such as natural selection and genetic drift.

5. Conservation Biology: Genetic techniques are applied to conserve endangered species, restore genetic diversity in threatened populations, and assess the genetic health of wildlife populations.

6. Genealogy: Genetic testing, like ancestry DNA tests, offers insights into an individual's ancestry, ethnic background, and potential connections to relatives. This information can aid in understanding family history and tracing genealogical lines.

In summary, genetics has widespread applications in modern society, contributing to advancements in medicine, agriculture, forensic science, evolutionary biology, conservation biology, and genealogy.

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Answer: To begin with, it shows that more than half (58%) of the total energy produced in the US is wasted due to inefficiencies, such as waste heat from power plants, vehicles, and light bulbs. In other words, the US has an energy efficiency of 42%.

Explanation:

Answer off internet

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True, the highest rate of oxygen consumption an individual is capable of during maximum physical effort, reflecting the body's ability to transport and use oxygen, is a person's maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max).

Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) is the highest rate of oxygen consumption an individual is capable of during maximum physical effort, reflecting the body's ability to transport and use oxygen. It is considered a key measure of cardiovascular fitness and endurance. During exercise, oxygen is necessary for energy production, and VO2max reflects the body's ability to deliver oxygen to the working muscles. VO2max can be improved through regular physical activity and training.

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Answer:

its going to be number 1

In the given information, E, F, and G are descendants of a common ancestral species, therefore, forming a monophyletic group.

A monophyletic group is a taxonomic grouping of organisms that contains an ancestral species and all its descendants. The concept of a monophyletic group is important in evolutionary biology because it represents a lineage of organisms that share a common ancestry. In the given information, the most recent common ancestor of taxa A, B, C, D, E, F and G gave rise to three descendant lineages. One of these lineages includes taxa E and G, with taxon E being the sister group to taxon G. Since these two taxa are descendants of the same ancestral species, they form a monophyletic group.

A monophyletic group is contrasted with a paraphyletic group, which includes an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants. Additionally, a polyphyletic group is a group of organisms that do not share a common ancestry and have been brought together based on superficial similarities. In evolutionary biology, the identification of monophyletic groups is critical for understanding the relationships between different species and their evolutionary history.

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Complete question:

Refer to the figure above. Which of the following forms a monophyletic group?

A, B, C, D

​C and D

​D, E, and F

​E, F, and G

Answer:

A I think I may be wrong 17 more days until Christmas

Answer:

The answer is A nucleus

Explanation:

The process of making mRNA from DNA is called transcription. It occurs in the nucleus. The mRNA moves the synthesis of proteins, which occurs in the cytoplasm. mRNA formed in the nucleus is moved out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm where it attaches to the ribosomes.

Answer: B

Explanation: A smaller horse would be needed to pull around kids.A skinny horse would be needed to run long distances.

The kind of work which such as large, heavy animal would be expected to do is pull or carry a very heavy load. Thus, the correct option will be B.

Clydesdale can be referred to particularly as a large and powerful breed of rare draft horse species. A heavier than the usual athlete weight.

The Clydesdale is one of the major Scottish breed of the draught horse. The species is named for its area of origin, the Clydesdale or the valley of the River Clyde, would be much of which is within the county of the Lanarkshire.

In the given condition, the kind of work which such as large, heavy animal would be expected to do is pull or carry a very heavy load.

Therefore, the correct option will be B.

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Tiger mosquitoes are associated with the transmission of many human diseases, including viruses such as dengue fever West Nile fever, and Japanese encephalitis.

In Asia, this species is the vector of dengue fever and Japanese encephalitis. Laboratory studies have shown that tiger mosquitoes are efficient vectors for many viral pathogens including yellow fever West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis, and La Crosse encephalitis. Asian tiger mosquitoes were introduced to the United States. Tire casings are imported for remanufacturing.

Due to the movement of tire casings, this species has spread to more than 20 states since 1985. Asian tiger mosquitoes were introduced to the United States. Tire casing imported for remanufacturing. This species carrying tire casings has spread to more than 20 states since 1985. Tiger mosquitoes are important vectors in Asia. Tiger mosquitoes can transmit viruses such as dengue chikungunya and zika to humans.

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The genus of the plant that is easily identified by having no true leaves, dichotomous branching as well as lobed sporangia (usually yellow in color) is : Psilotum

A genus of whisk ferns is called Psilotum. As vascular plants, they exist. They don't have genuine stems or leaves, although their stems do include conducting tissues. They have three-lobed synangiums and stems with numerous branches. The synangia are sporangia that have joined and produce spores. They have rhizomes that grow into rhizoids and support the Psilophyte sporophyte's anchoring.

Psilotum is a genus of fern-like vascular plants and it is one of two genera in the family Psilotaceae which is commonly known as whisk ferns, the other being Tmesipteris.

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2% NaCl solution is referred to as a hypotonic solution when compared to a 10% NaCl solution.

This is referred to as a type of solution which has a lower solute concentration when compared to another solution.

In this scenario we were given two different types of  solutions which are 2% NaCl and 10% NaCl and we can deduce that the former has a lower concentration of salt which therefore means that it is a hypotonic solution when compared to the latter and is therefore the reason why it was chosen as the correct choice.

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Answer:

The signal sequence is cleaved(divided) as the polypeptide chain crosses the membrane hence the amino terminus of the polypeptide chain is exposed in the ER lumen.

Explanation:

In taxonomy, true about the hierarchal rank of a family is "A family will usually include far more taxa than a genus".

In taxonomy, the rank of a genus is lower than that of the family. A family is made up of many different genera all working together. Therefore, there are more organisms in a family than there are in a genus. A family is more welcoming to new members than a genus, while a genus is more selective than a family.

In most cases, members of the same family share personality traits. They cannot be distinguished from one another on the basis of the presence or absence of a nucleus. It cannot be that some species have nuclei while others have not.

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Answer:

B. no renobables

Explanation:

Se illamam

Answer:

the correct answer is b.

Answer:

Being taller would give them the advantage of eating leaves off trees that other herbivores couldn't reach.

Explanation:

trust

Answer:

They eat leaves off trees so they are tall

Explanation:

Answer:

Please i feel bad for you

I think thats an ovary... ???

Answer:

phenotype, genotype

Explanation:

Given what we know, we can confirm that the property of enzymes most likely being studied is denaturation.

This is a process in which the enzyme loses its overall structure and the ability to perform its function. This happens most often at high temperatures but can be caused by other factors as well.

Therefore, we can confirm that the property of enzymes most likely being studied is denaturation.

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These type of materials are called as heat resistant materials or bad conductors of heat.

Heat-resistant materials are substances that can withstand high temperatures without undergoing significant physical or chemical changes. These materials are crucial in various industries, such as aerospace, automotive, manufacturing, and energy production, where high temperatures are encountered. Different materials have different temperature limits and properties, so selecting the appropriate material is crucial to ensure safety and performance in high-temperature environments.

Metals get heated up easily which may burn the skin of the person unknowingly touches it, hence it is necessary to have heat resistant materials on metals to prevent this.  Heat-resistant materials play a crucial role in ensuring safety in industries where high temperatures are involved. Many heat-resistant materials also offer excellent resistance to corrosive chemicals, acids, and other aggressive substances. This also prevents the substances from getting corroded. Here, kitchen utensils have a plastic or rubber handles to prevent the hand from burning while holding the utensils.

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Labeling the grass as a producer, and labeling each of the other organisms according to the kind of consumer they are:

Grass: Producer

Cougar: Secondary consumer (carnivore)

Rabbit: Primary consumer (herbivore)

The flow of energy from an ecosystem to an organism and from one organism to another is called energy flow.

Plants are called producers because they produce food in the form of carbohydrates during photosynthesis.

An insect such as a bee that feeds on a plant is called a herbivore.

Herbivores are primary consumers because they obtain their energy directly from the primary producers (plants).

Carnivores are not primary consumers. They are either secondary consumers (if they consume herbivores) or tertiary consumers (if they consume other carnivores).

The process that breaks down organic wastes and dead organisms is called decomposition.

Trophic levels represent the different feeding positions in a food chain or food web. Each step or level is called a trophic level.

Plants and phytoplankton, such as algae, are primary producers and occupy the first trophic level. They obtain energy directly from the sun.

Energy flow describes the transfer of energy through different organisms in an ecosystem. It refers to how energy moves from producers to consumers and between different levels of consumers.

The amount of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next is typically around 10%. The rest of the energy is lost as heat or used for metabolic processes.

Decomposition is the breakdown of organic matter, such as fallen leaves, by decomposer organisms like bacteria and fungi.

(a) Decomposer

(b) Producer

(c) Decomposer

(d) Producer

(e) Consumer

A fox is an omnivore, as it consumes a variety of organisms including beetles, eggs, berries, fish, and mice.

In a food chain, the second trophic level is usually occupied by the primary consumers. Therefore, the worm that eats the potato would most likely occupy the second trophic level.

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A relationship between two living things where one organism captures and feeds on the other is known as predation.

In predation, the organism that captures and consumes the other organism is called the predator, while the organism being eaten is called the prey, this interaction plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems and the overall health of both populations. Predators have developed various strategies and adaptations to successfully hunt and capture their prey. These may include speed, stealth, strength, and even cooperative hunting among social species. On the other hand, prey species have evolved their own set of defenses, such as camouflage, warning signals, and defensive behaviors to avoid or deter predators.

Predation can also influence the prey population size and distribution, as well as affect the availability of resources within an ecosystem. Additionally, it can drive the evolution of both predator and prey species through natural selection, as each species is constantly adapting to increase its chances of survival. Overall, predation is an essential component of ecological interactions and contributes to the dynamics and stability of ecosystems. A relationship between two living things where one organism captures and feeds on the other is known as predation.

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Answer:

heterogamous

Explanation:

hope this helps

Answer:

cbd

Explanation:

C, a mutation in the skin cells of an adult mouse, is the occurrence that would be most likely to lead to an evolutionary shift in the mouse population on the island.

Genetic variety, which is the foundation of evolution, is mostly produced via mutations. Mutations can result from external sources like radiation or chemicals or spontaneously arise as DNA is replicated during cell division.

A change in a mouse's genes resulting from a mutation in its mature skin cells might be passed on to the mouse's progeny. The other things on the list wouldn't affect the population of mice in an evolutionary way. Event A, a predator on an island killing and devouring 50 mice, would cause the population to decline.but would not result in an evolutionary shift due to size.

Even though Event B, a storm that drowned roughly 50 mice over the whole island, reduced the population number, it had no evolutionary impact. Even though Event D, a drought that reduced and altered the mice's food supply, did not affect evolution, it may have changed the mice's behaviour, such as making them more competitive for food.

The population would grow as a result of Event E, a mating couple of mice having an abnormally high number of offspring, but no evolutionary change would result.

In conclusion, C, a mutation in an adult mouse's skin cells, is the scenario that would most likely result in an evolution of the mouse population on the island.mouse. The main cause of the genetic variety that underlies evolution, mutations can alter the genes that are handed down to the next generation. The other things on the list wouldn't affect evolution.

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