Only acetylcholine. In addition to acting as a transmitter for the parasympathetic and somatic motor systems, acetylcholine (Ach) also has significant central nervous system effects.
At their connections with skeletal muscle fibers, all somatic motor neurons produce acetylcholine (ACh). The result is always excitatory, and the muscle fibers contract if the stimulation hits the threshold. At neuromuscular junctions, somatic motor neurons use the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to activate skeletal muscle fibers. In addition to controlling the body's voluntary motions, the somatic nervous system is also responsible charge of reflexes, a particular class of involuntary muscle reactions that are regulated by a cerebral pathway known as the reflex arc.
The complete question is:
All somatic motor neurons produce __________.
both epinephrine and norepinephrine
only norepinephrine
only acetylcholine
both acetylcholine and norepinephrine
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Crossing two yellow mice results in 2/3 yellow offspring and 1/3 nonyellow offspring. What percentage of offspring would you expect to be nonyellow if you crossed two nonyellow mice?
a. 25%
b. 33%
c. 66%
d. 75%
e. 100%
The answer is e. 100%. If crossing two yellow mice results in 2/3 yellow offspring and 1/3 nonyellow offspring.
If crossing two yellow mice results in 2/3 yellow offspring and 1/3 nonyellow offspring,this means that both yellow mice have the genotype Yy (with Y being the dominant yellow allele and y being the recessive nonyellow allele). When crossing two nonyellow mice, both would have the genotype yy (with both alleles being the recessive nonyellow allele). When crossing two nonyellow mice, both would have the genotype yy (with both alleles being the recessive nonyellow allele). Therefore, all of their offspring would inherit one y allele from each parent, resulting in all nonyellow offspring. So the percentage of nonyellow offspring would be 100%.
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as in most areas of biology, the study of mitosis and the cell cycle involves a lot of new terminology. knowing what the different terms mean is essential to understanding and describing the processes occurring in the cell. drag the terms on the left to correctly complete these sentences. not all the terms will be used. view available hint(s)for part a resethelp 1. dna replication produces two identical dna molecules, called blank, which separate during mitosis.target 1 of 8 2. after chromosomes condense, the blank is the region where the identical dna molecules are most tightly attached to each other.target 2 of 8 3. during mitosis, microtubules attach to chromosomes at the .target 3 of 8 4. in dividing cells, most of the cell's growth occurs during .target 4 of 8 5. the blank is a cell structure consisting of microtubules, which forms during early mitosis and plays a role in cell division.target 5 of 8 6. during interphase, most of the nucleus is filled with a complex of dna and protein in a dispersed form called blank.target 6 of 8 7. in most eukaryotes, division of the nucleus is followed by blank, when the rest of the cell divides.target 7 of 8 8. the blank are the organizing centers for microtubules involved in separating chromosomes during mitosis.
1. DNA replication produces two identical DNA molecules, called SISTER CHROMATID(S), which separate during mitosis.
2. After chromosomes condense, the CENTROMERE(S) is the region where the identical DNA molecules are most tightly attached to each other.
3. During mitosis, microtubules attach to chromosomes at the KINETOCHORE(S)
4. In dividing cells, most of the cell's growth occurs during INTERPHASE
5. The MITOTIC SPINDLE(S) is a cell structure consisting of microtubules, which forms during early mitosis and plays a role in cell division.
6. During interphase, most of the nucleus is filled with a complex of DNA and protein in a dispersed form called CHROMATIN
7. In most eukaryotes, division of the nucleus is followed by CYTOKINESIS, when the rest of the cell divides.
8. The CENTROSOME(S) are the organizing centers for microtubules involved in separating chromosomes during mitosis.
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Full Question:As in most areas of biology, the study of mitosis and the cell cycle involves a lot of new terminology. Knowing what the different terms mean is essential to understanding and describing the processes occurring in the cell.
Explain how political aspect of a country affect health population and environment?
Answer:
Relationship of political aspect with health, population and environment: Political aspect includes the policies formulated by different administrative sectors and government. The population policies, health policies and environment policies are approved in the parliament.
hope this helpsExplanation:
Which connective tissue is composed of many interwoven and randomly organized collagenous fibers?
Dense irregular connective tissue is composed of many interwoven and randomly organized collagenous fibers.
Connective tissue- Tissue that provides structure, support, and protection to other human tissues and organs. In addition to helping to transport nutrients and other substances between tissues and organs, connective tissue also helps to store fat and mend damaged tissue. A gel-like material, fibers, and cells make up connective tissue.
Collagenous Fibers- Tropocollagen subunits, which make up collagen fibers, may be categorized into at least 30 distinct fiber types according to their -chain amino acid sequences. The presence of the hydrated matrix made up of GAGs and proteoglycans is what allows the ECM to endure compressive stresses.
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A region experiences frequent landslides for m heavy rains. How can the local residents lower the frequency of landslides in the region?
To lower the frequency of landslides in a region experiencing frequent landslides due to heavy rains, local residents can implement the following measures:
Implement proper drainage systems: Constructing effective drainage systems can help divert excess water away from slopes and hillsides. This reduces the saturation of soil, minimizing the risk of landslides. The drainage systems can include channels, ditches, and underground pipes to efficiently manage the flow of water.
Plant vegetation and trees: Vegetation and trees play a crucial role in stabilizing soil and preventing erosion. Their roots bind the soil together, reducing the likelihood of landslides. Local residents can engage in afforestation and reforestation efforts, planting trees and vegetation on vulnerable slopes and hillsides. This helps enhance the stability of the soil and increases its ability to absorb water.
Terracing and contouring: Implementing terracing and contouring techniques can help control the flow of water down slopes. These practices involve creating steps or platforms on the slopes to slow down the movement of water and prevent erosion. Terracing and contouring also help in retaining moisture in the soil, reducing the risk of landslides.
By implementing these measures, the local residents can effectively lower the frequency of landslides in the region. Proper drainage systems, vegetation planting, and terracing techniques work together to manage water flow, stabilize soil, and minimize erosion, reducing the conditions that lead to landslides. These preventive measures can contribute to the overall safety and resilience of the area against landslides caused by heavy rains.
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The amount of food that can be produced in an given area is called
Food production is the quantity of food produced, processed, prepared in an area.
What is Food production area?Food production area refer to a geographical location where food products or their ingredients for human consumption are prepared, processed, repacked, handled or manufactured.
The food produced are localised in that area and can be exported to other place.
The food production area is normally known for a specific food manufactured in that area.
Therefore, Food production is the quantity of food produced in an area
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suppose a double-stranded dna molecule was shown to have 22% guanine bases. what would be the expected percentage of adenine bases in that molecule?
The expected percentage of adenine bases in the double-stranded DNA molecule is 28%.
In a double-stranded DNA molecule, the base pairing rules dictate that guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C), and adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T). Given that there are 22% guanine bases, we can infer that there would also be 22% cytosine bases due to the G-C pairing.
Now, the sum of percentages for all four bases (A, T, G, and C) should equal 100%. Since G and C collectively make up 44% (22% + 22%), the remaining bases, adenine and thymine, must account for the other 56% (100% - 44%).
As A-T pairing is equal, the percentage of adenine bases would be half of 56%, which is 28%.
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A mutant strain of e. Coli produces β‑galactosidase in the presence and in the absence of lactose. Where in the operon might the mutation in this strain occur, and why?.
Answer:
A + E
Explanation:
The operator region where the mutation occurs and the operator does not binds to the repressor normally. The mutation can also occur in the Lacl gene which leads to an inactive lac repressor.
Tadpoles must undergo a major metamorphosis to become frogs. This change includes reabsorption of the tail, growth of limbs, calcification of the skeleton, increase in rhodopsin in the eye, development of lungs, change in hemoglobin structure, and reformation of the gut from the long gut of an herbivore to the short gut of a carnivore. Amazingly, all of these changes are induced by triiodothyronine. What is the most likely explanation for such a wide array of effects of triiodothyronine
Answer:
The most likely explanation is that different body parts have different tissues which in turn have different thyroxine receptors. This leads to different signal transduction pathways.
Explanation:
The triiodothyronine absorption through different tissues lead to different signal transduction pathways.
which fluorinated gasses played a large part in destroying the protective ozone layer?A. HCFCs and CFCsB. HFCsC. SF6sD. PFCs
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and halons destroy the earth's protective ozone layer, which shields the earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV-B) rays generated from the sun.
Answer: A
Why can some cell structures only be seen with an electron microscope but not with a light microscope?
Answer:
Electron microscopes use a beam of electrons instead of beams or rays of light. Living cells cannot be observed using an electron microscope because samples are placed in a vacuum. ... the scanning electron microscope (SEM) has a large depth of field so can be used to examine the surface structure of specimens.
Explanation:
No Explanation Just Pure Common Sense
Electron microscopes use electron beams rather than light beams or rays. Because samples are placed in a vacuum, living cells cannot be viewed with an electron microscope.
Lipids/fats play important roles in living things, including making up the majority of ALL cell membranes. Select the one correct role they do for living things from the choices below. a enzymes b primary energy source produced in photosynthesis c low calorie source of dietary fiber d excellent insulators
Answer:
The correct answer is - option D. excellent insulators.
Explanation:
To keep internal body temperature and maintain homeostasis, there is a layer of fats just underneath the skin that is of lipids. Lipids likewise give insulation from the cold and freezing temperature to plants and animals. the lipid tail of the atom is hydrophobic as the water is polar.
They are excellent insulators as they have thick fat layers that trap air inside. For instance, they help keep oceanic mammals and bids dry due to their water-repulsing nature.
Thus, the correct answer is - option D. excellent insulators.
Answer:
d excellent insulators
Explanation:
good luck
which reaction below produces gtp in the citric acid cycle? group of answer choices succinyl coa --> succinate isocitrate --> alpha-ketoglutarate alpha-ketoglutarate --> succinyl coa fumarate --> malate malate --> oxaloacetate
The reaction below produces GTP in the citric acid cycle is succinyl CoA → succinate.
The citric acid cycle is also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle or the Krebs cycle, and it is a series of chemical reactions that take place in aerobic organisms' mitochondria. This cycle extracts energy from macronutrients in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
It is named after Sir Hans Adolf Kreb. The citric acid cycle is a fundamental metabolic pathway that drives cellular respiration in aerobic organisms.
Citric Acid Cycle in detail the process starts with the acetyl-CoA molecule that enters the cycle by reacting with oxaloacetate to create citrate. This is then modified over several steps to regenerate oxaloacetate.
In the citric acid cycle, eight reactions occur, with six of them reversible. The cycle is responsible for generating three molecules of NADH, one FADH2 molecule, one molecule of ATP or GTP, and two carbon dioxide molecules per acetyl-CoA molecule that enters the cycle.
The reaction below produces GTP in the citric acid cycle: Succinyl-CoA → succinateThis reaction involves succinyl-CoA synthetase, which catalyzes the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate while also generating GTP (guanosine triphosphate) from GDP (guanosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate.
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In a population of plants, 64% exhibit the dominant flower color (red), and 36% of the plants have white flowers. What is the frequency of the dominant allele? (There are a couple of twists in this explanation problem, so read and think carefully. A complete solution for this problem is at the end of this Reading Guide chapter.)
A population's allele frequencies can be estimated using the Hardy-Weinberg equation. The dominant allele frequency is calculated to be 64%.
The formula p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 can be used to compute genotype frequencies and dominant (p) and recessive (q) allele frequencies.
Given, The frequency of the "aa" genotype is 36%,
The frequency of the "a" allele is 36%,
so q² = 0.36
q²= 0.36
q = 0.6
Since q equals the frequency of the allele 'a', then the frequency is 60%.
The frequency of the "A" allele-
Since q = 0.6
p + q = 1
p = 1- 0.6
p = 0.4
the frequency of A is equal to p, so the answer is 40%.
The frequencies of the genotypes "AA" and "Aa." :
The frequency of AA is equal to p², and the frequency of Aa is equal to 2pq. So, using the information above,
the frequency of AA is 16%
i.e. p² = 0.4 x 0.4
p² = 0.16
and Aa is 48%
2pq = 2 x 0.4 x 0.6
2pq = 0.48.
As a result, the frequency of the dominant phenotype is equal to the product of the AA and Aa frequencies. Therefore, 64% is the dominant allele frequency.
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Dichotomous key for plants
Answer:
a tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world, such as trees, wildflowers etc
Explain how Chromosomes are like a ball of yarn (use the words chromosome, DNA, and gene in your answer)
Answer:
Chromosomes are like a ball of yarn in the sense that there are multiple components that make up the structure. Genes can be in similitude of the smallest threads in the yarn and when a multitude of genes are put together they make a DNA strand or a long, thick thread of yarn. Lastly, when DNA is twisted together, it becomes bundled together, making a chromosome or a "ball of yarn".
Explanation:
1. Cell division is when cells divide to make _________________ ____________________.
2. Name 2 reasons why cells divide mentioned in the first paragraph.
3. What are the new cells that are formed called?
4. What needs to happen to the cell before it can divide?
5. The dividing of the nuclear material (nucleus) is called __________________________.
Answer:
Growth. Replacing damaged or dead cells.
replace. Repair\ 50 million cells die second. Make cells for reproduction make specialized s cells)
cell division.
the strands of DNA in the nucleus must be copied, checked for errors and then packaged into neat finger-like structures.
Mitosis is a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells that occurs when a parent cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.
Explanation:
Answer: 1. Cell division is when cells divide to make daughter cells.
2. Growth. Replacing damaged or dead cells.
3. Gametes.
4. Chromosomes must still be copied. The cell must double in size.
5. Mitosis
Explanation: Please Mark me Brainiest :)
When cells are dividing,it is
important to understand that
they have to move
chromosomes equally to both
cells. Based on this illustration ,
describe what chromosome is made of
Answer:
idrk i just ans cuz i need points
Explanation:
same thing here
Trilobites are extinct marine invertebrates. Scientists found a trilobite fossil in
layer 5, shown here. Fossils in which layer are likely to be slightly older than
this trilobite fossil?
A. 13
B. 7
C. 4
D. 6
Fossils in the 4 layer are likely to be slightly older than this trilobite fossil because this layer is present below that 5 layer.
What is fossil?Fossils are the preserved remains parts or traces of remains of ancient organisms that were extinct long time ago. Fossils are the rocks that can preserve on entire organism such as bones, shells and feathers etc.
So we can conclude that fossils in the 4 layer are likely to be slightly older than this trilobite fossil because this layer is present below that 5 layer.
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a temporary or reversible lesion can be produced by
A temporary or reversible lesion can be produced by a variety of methods, but one common approach is the use of reversible inactivation techniques.
One such technique is called transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which uses a magnetic field to temporarily disrupt brain activity in a specific area. This can produce a temporary lesion, allowing researchers to study the functions of different brain regions.
Another method involves the use of reversible pharmacological agents that can temporarily inactivate specific brain regions. For example, the drug muscimol can temporarily inactivate a specific area of the brain when injected directly into that region. This can produce a temporary lesion that allows researchers to study the functions of that area.
Overall, temporary or reversible lesions can be a useful tool in neuroscience research, allowing researchers to study the functions of different brain regions and better understand how the brain works. However, it is important to use these techniques with care and caution to avoid causing any permanent damage or harm to the brain.
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Which statement best describes cancer cells?
They grow as a single layer of cells.
They cease to reproduce after 20–50 mitotic divisions.
They reproduce only when needed to replace missing cells.
They are not regulated by contact inhibition.
The statement "they are not regulated by contact inhibition" best describes cancer cells. Thus, the correct option is D.
What is a Cancerous cell?A cancerous cell may be defined as a cell that stimulated continuous growth, inhibition of apoptosis, perform metastasis, etc.
Contact inhibition is performed by the noncancerous cells to cease proliferation and growth when they contact with each other. This property is lost when any noncancerous cell is transformed into a cancerous cell.
Thus, the correct option for this question is D.
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for applications in gene therapy, what is the most favorable characteristic of retroviruses? for applications in gene therapy, what is the most favorable characteristic of retroviruses? dna copies of retroviral genomes become integrated into the genome of the infected cell. retroviruses have an rna genome. retroviruses mutate often. retroviruses possess reverse transcriptase.
The most favorable characteristic of retroviruses for applications in gene therapy is that their DNA copies become integrated into the genome of the infected cell, allowing for stable and long-term expression of the therapeutic gene.
Additionally, retroviruses possess reverse transcriptase, which enables them to convert their RNA genome into DNA, a crucial step in the integration process. While retroviruses do have the potential to mutate often, this characteristic can be controlled through careful selection and engineering of the viral vector used in gene therapy.
The most favorable characteristic of retroviruses for applications in gene therapy is that DNA copies of retroviral genomes become integrated into the genome of the infected cell. This feature, along with the presence of reverse transcriptase, allows for stable and long-term expression of the therapeutic gene, making retroviruses an attractive choice for gene therapy applications.
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at what point during receiving should the temperature of the food be checked?
The temperature of the food be checked as soon as they are received from
the delivery person. This should be done with the aid of a thermometer.
Food Storage conditions.Food is a very important part of our daily life and special care must be taken
to ensure that they are properly stored under the right conditions to inhibit
the growth of microorganisms.
Food not properly stored under the right temperature favors growth of
microbes. This thereby causes food poisoning and other serious conditions
when eaten.
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1. list the energy sources used to synthesize atp for muscle contraction.
ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate is the primary source of energy for most cellular processes including muscle contraction. ATP is synthesized through several energy sources during muscle contraction.
The sources of energy that synthesize ATP for muscle contraction are as follows:Glycolysis: This process occurs in the cytoplasm and it converts glucose or glycogen into pyruvate. The energy released in this process is used to synthesize ATP. The net gain from glycolysis is two ATP molecules. Krebs cycle or Citric acid cycle: This cycle occurs in the mitochondria and it generates ATP by oxidizing acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide. The total yield of ATP from one glucose molecule is 36 or 38 ATP molecules depending on the source of glucose. Electron transport chain: This is the final stage of oxidative metabolism that occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria. During this process, electrons are transferred from one molecule to another and this generates a proton gradient. This gradient is used by ATP synthase to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi). The yield of ATP from one glucose molecule in this process is 28 or 32 ATP molecules depending on the source of glucose.
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how did pasteur's experiment get critized?
Answer:
Germ theory denialism is the pseudoscientific belief that germs do not cause infectious disease, and that the germ theory of disease is wrong. It usually involves arguing that Louis Pasteur's model of infectious disease was wrong, and that Antoine Béchamp's was right
The theory of spontaneous generation states that life arose from nonliving matter. ... Louis Pasteur is credited with conclusively disproving the theory of spontaneous generation with his famous swan-neck flask experiment. He subsequently proposed that “life only comes from life.”
If herbivores eat 320 kg of plants, and the total plant biomass is 1,600 kg, the _______ efficiency is ________ %.
a. assimilation; 20
b. assimilation; 32
c. consumption; 20
d. consumption; 32
e. trophic; 32
Consumption efficiency is the percentage of available biomass that is ingested by the herbivores. In this scenario, the herbivores eat 320 kg of plants out of the total plant biomass of 1,600 kg. Therefore, the consumption efficiency would be: The correct answer is (d) consumption; 32.
(320 kg / 1,600 kg) x 100% = 20%
Assimilation efficiency, on the other hand, is the percentage of ingested biomass that is assimilated by the herbivores. This means that it is the percentage of the food that is actually absorbed and used by the herbivores. The assimilation efficiency cannot be determined from the information given in the question.
Trophic efficiency, which is the percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next, is also not applicable in this scenario as we are only given information about the consumption of plants by herbivores.
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the enzyme rubisco is ______ as it adds o2 to ______. a carboxylase; 3‐pga a carboxylase; rubp an oxygenase; 3‐pga an oxygenase; rubp
The enzyme rubisco is a carboxylase as it adds carbon dioxide (CO2) to the 5-carbon compound ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) during the process of carbon fixation in photosynthesis.
This leads to the formation of two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA), which is a crucial step in the Calvin cycle. Rubisco is considered to be one of the most important enzymes on Earth as it plays a key role in converting atmospheric CO2 into organic compounds that can be used by living organisms.
However, rubisco is also an oxygenase as it can add oxygen (O2) to RuBP, leading to the formation of one molecule of 3-PGA and one molecule of a two-carbon compound called phosphoglycolate. This process is known as photorespiration and can be detrimental to plants as it leads to a loss of fixed carbon and a consumption of energy. Therefore, rubisco's ability to act as both a carboxylase and an oxygenase has important implications for the efficiency of photosynthesis and the adaptation of plants to changing environmental conditions.
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You are studying a population of Dlugosch’s Small Octopus that has been suffering from a skin disease. In your work, you find that some individuals have more resistance (immunity) to the disease than others. You remember learning about life history trade-offs in your Ecology class, and you hypothesize that immunity trades off with investments in other major life history traits in the octopuses. You decide to design a study to test whether higher immunity leads to a lower number of eggs produced by females.
9. State a prediction for what the results of your study would look like if they support the hypothesis given in the Mission.
Make a figure of results that would be consistent with that prediction:
Label y axis with the variable that should be on the
Label x axis with the variable that should be on the
Draw results bars or lines consistent with your prediction
If the infection reduces the population size of the octopus, would you predict an r or a K strategy would be more likely to evolve (based on what we discussed in class)? Explain why that life history strategy would be favored in a small population, and give at least two traits associated with the strategy that you predict.
If higher immunity leads to a lower number of eggs produced by females in Dlugosch's Small Octopus, then there will be a negative correlation between immunity level and egg production.
A K approach would be more likely to develop if the illness causes the octopus population to decline. Resources are few in a tiny community, therefore long-term stability and survival are prioritized over rapid population expansion. The K approach emphasizes having fewer kids while allocating more resources to ensuring their survival and welfare. In a small population, the following two characteristics connected to a K strategy might be more prevalent:
Increased parental care: Parents invest more time and resources in raising a smaller number of offspring to increase their chances of survival and reproductive success.
Delayed maturation: Individuals take longer to reach reproductive maturity, allowing them to invest more time in growth, development, and building up resources before reproduction.
These traits help ensure the survival and success of the limited number of offspring in a small population, aligning with the K-selected life history strategy.
In this figure, the y-axis represents the number of eggs produced by females, and the x-axis represents the immunity level of the octopuses. The bars or lines would show a decreasing trend as the immunity level increases, indicating a negative relationship between immunity and egg production.
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Mendel's F, generation of pea plants were heterozygous. What does this mean? A: All the offspring plants would have the recessive trait. B: Half of the offsprings would have the dominant trait, while the other half would have the recessive trait. C: The offspring had two identical alleles for the same gene. D: The plants had two different alleles for the same trait.
Answer:
Im pretty sure its D:The plants had two different alleles for the same trait.
Explanation:
If the offspring's is heterozygous it would mean thegenotype would be Pp, which means they would have one dominant allele and one recessive allele.
The figure shown is a rectangular prism. Which edges are parallel to BD? Select each correct answer.
py
yh
bm
ah
mk
In the rectangular prism, the parallel lines to BD are PY, MK and AH. So the correct options are A, D and E.
What is a rectangular prism?
A rectangular prism is a geometrical figure. It is basically a polyhedron and has two congruent and parallel bases. It is also known as a cuboid.
A rectangular prism is made of six faces and each of the faces has twelve edges. It is called a prism because it has cross-sections along the length.
A rectangular prism is a three-dimensional figure with six faces. All the faces of the prism are rectangular in shape. Hence, there are three pairs of identical faces here. A rectangular prism is also called a cuboid due to its shape.
The rectangular prism has 6 faces, 12 edges and 8 vertices.
The top portion and the base portion of the rectangular prism are always a rectangle. It has three dimensions like a cuboid. These are length, width and height. The opposite faces of the prism are always congruent.
Therefore, the parallel lines to BD are PY, MK and AH. So the correct options are A, D and E.
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