When an underwater sound source emits waves of frequency 30 kHz in all directions, the intensity of the waves (in Watts/m2) vary with distance r from the source by the relation 1/r²
As the intensity mechanical sound wave is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source, therefore the correct option is B.
What is the Wavelength?Wavelength can be understood in terms of the distance between any two similar successive points across any wave for example wavelength can be calculated by measuring the distance between any two successive crests.
It is the total length of the wave for which it completes one cycle.
The intensity of a mechanical wave is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.
An underwater sound source emits waves of frequency of 30 kHz in all directions, the intensity of the waves (in Watts/m2) varies with distance r from the source by the relation 1/r², therefore the correct option is B.
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What is gravity?
Gravity is a force that pushes objects away from each other.
Gravity is a non-contact attractive force between objects in the universe.
Gravity is a contact force between objects in the universe.
Gravity is the speed at which things move in the universe
Answer:
hiii
Explanation:
but u have already given the answer along with the question
Answer:
Gravity is a contact force between objects in the universe
Explanation:
Gravity doesn't repel objects, it pulls them closer.
On an aircraft carrier, a jet can be catapulted from 0 to 240
km/h in 2.00 s . If the average force exerted by the capult is 9.25x10^5 n what is the mass of the jet
Answer:
m = 27752.7 [kg]
Explanation:
To solve this problem we must first use the following equation of kinematics.
\(v_{f}=v_{o}+a*t\)
where:
Vf = final velocity = 240 [km/h]
Vo = initial velocity = 0
a = acceleration [m/s²]
t = time = 2 [s]
But first we must convert the speed from kilometers per hour to meters per second.
\(240[\frac{km}{h} ]*(\frac{1h}{3600s} )*(\frac{1000m}{1km} )=66.67[m/s]\)
Now replacing:
\(66.67 = 0 +a*2\\a = 33.33 [m/s^{2} ]\)
Now using Newton's second law which is defined as the product of mass by acceleration we can determine the mass of the jet.
∑F = m*a
\(925000=m*33.33\\m = 925000/33.33\\m = 27752.7 [kg]\)
2) A 45-kg person steps on a scale in an elevator. The scale reads 460 N. What is the elevator doing?
Answer:
The elevator is stationary
A sample of vegetable oil with density 913 kg/m3 is found to have a mass of 0.0365 kg. Find the volume of this sample
The volume of the vegetable oil is 0.00003998 m³.
The density of vegetable oil,
ρ = 913 kg/m³
The mass of vegetable oil,
m = 0.0365 kg
To find: The volume of the vegetable oil, V Solution: The density of any substance is defined as the mass of the substance per unit volume.
The formula for density is:
ρ = m/V
where, ρ is the density of the substancem is the mass of the substance V is the volume of the substance We can rearrange the above formula to find the volume of the substance:
V = m/ρSubstituting the given values of mass and density in the above formula,
We get:
V = 0.0365 kg / 913 kg/m³ = 0.00003998 m³ (approx)
Therefore, the volume of the vegetable oil is approximately 0.00003998 m³.
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Question 1
10 pts
How far (in m) will Object B have gone in 30.0 seconds if their acceleration is 20.0 m/s2?
Answer:
9000m
Explanation:
Given parameters:
Time = 30s
Acceleration = 20m/s²
Unknown:
Distance traveled = ?
Solution:
To solve this problem, we use one of the kinematics equation.
S = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\)at²
u is the initial velocity = 0m/s
t is the time taken
a is the acceleration
S = (0 x 30) + ( \(\frac{1}{2}\) x 20 x 30² ) = 9000m
You normally drive on the freeway between San Diego and Los Angeles at an average speed of 105 km/h (65 mi/h), and the trip takes 1 h and 50 min. On a Friday afternoon, however, heavy traffic slows you down and you drive the same distance at an average speed of only 73.0 km/h (45 mi/h ). How much longer does the trip tske?
The trip takes 48 minutes longer in heavy traffic than it does under normal conditions.
The distance between San Diego and Los Angeles is the same regardless of the speed you are traveling. Let's convert the average speed to the same units:
105 km/h = 65 mi/h
73.0 km/h = 45 mi/h
The time it takes to drive from San Diego to Los Angeles at the normal speed is:
t₁ = 1 hour + 50 minutes = 1.83 hours
The time it takes to drive from San Diego to Los Angeles in heavy traffic is: t₂ = d/v₂
where d is the distance and v₂ is the speed in heavy traffic. Since the distance is the same, we can set t₁ equal to t₂:
t₂ = d/v₂ = t₁
Solving for d, we get:
d = v₁t₁ = (105 km/h)(1.83 h) = 191.85 km
Now we can find the time it takes to drive the same distance at a speed of 73.0 km/h:
t₃ = d/v₃ = (191.85 km)/(73.0 km/h) = 2.63 hours
The difference in time between the two trips is:
Δt = t₃ - t₁ = 2.63 h - 1.83 h = 0.80 h = 48 minutes
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--The given question is incorrect, the correct question is
"You normally drive on the freeway between San Diego and Los Angeles at an average speed of 105 km/h (65 mi/h), and the trip takes 1 h and 50 min. On a Friday afternoon, however, heavy traffic slows you down and you drive the same distance at an average speed of only 73.0 km/h (45 mi/h ). How much longer does the trip take?"
A boat travels at 17mi/h for 1.50h. How far does the boat travel?
Answer:
\(\huge\boxed{25.5mi}\)
Explanation:
Simply multiply the rate by the time
17 * 1.5 = 25.5 mi
Hope it helps :) and let me know if you want me to elaborate.
The position-time equation for a certain train is
2.9m + (8.8m/s)t + (2.4m/s2)+2
What is it’s acceleration?
Answer:
\(a=4.8m/s^2\)
Explanation:
Hello,
In this case, since the acceleration in terms of position is defined as its second derivative:
\(a=\frac{d^2x(t)}{dt^2}=\frac{d^2}{dt^2}(2.9+8.8t+2.4t^2)\)
The purpose here is derive x(t) twice as follows:
\(a=\frac{d^2x(t)}{dt^2}=\frac{d}{dt}(8.8+2*2.4*t)\\ \\a=4.8m/s^2\)
Thus, the acceleration turns out 4.8 meters per squared seconds.
Best regards.
Which of the following quantities would be acceptable representations of weight?
a. 12.0 lb
b. 0.34 g
c. 120 kg
d. 1600 kN
e. 0.34 m
f. 411 cm
Explanation:
Weight of an object is shows the force of gravity acting on it. It is calculated mass times acceleration due to gravity.
lb is the unit of avoirdupois weight. It means that 12 lb shows weight.
gram, kg is the unit of mass. It means 0.34 g and 120 kg shows mass of an object.
m and cm are the units of length. It means 0.34 m and 411 cm shows the length of the object.
N is the unit of weight.
Hence, 12.0 lb and 1600 kN are acceptable representations of weight.
A train accelerates uniformly from rest to a velocity of 40 m s^-1, in 5 seconds.a)Find the acceleration of the train during the 5 seconds.b) Find the distance travelled by the train during the 5 seconds.
Answer:
a) 8 m/s²
b) 100 m
Explanation:
The acceleration of the train can be calculated as
\(a=\frac{v_f-v_i}{t}\)Where vf is the final velocity, vi is the initial velocity, and t is the time. Replacing vf = 10 m/s, vi = 0 m/s, and t = 5 s, we get:
\(a=\frac{40\text{ m/s - 0 m/s}}{5\text{ s}}=\frac{40\text{ m/s}}{5\text{ s}}=8\text{ m/s}^2\)Then, the distance traveled can be calculated using the following equation
\(x=v_it+\frac{1}{2}at^2\)Replacing vi = 0 m/s, t = 5 s, and a = 8 m/s², we get
\(\begin{gathered} x=(0\text{ m/s\rparen\lparen5 s\rparen + }\frac{1}{2}(\text{ 8 m/s}^2)(5\text{ s\rparen}^2 \\ x=0\text{ m + }\frac{1}{2}(8\text{ m/s}^2)(25\text{ s\rparen} \\ x=0\text{ m+100 m} \\ x=100\text{ m} \end{gathered}\)Therefore, the distance traveled by train was 100 m.
A 1.50x103-kilogram car is traveling east at 30 meters per second.
The brakes are applied and the car is brought to rest in 9.00 seconds.
A. Calculate the magnitude of the total impulse applied to the car to
bring it to rest. [Show all work, including the equation and
substitution with units.]
B. State the direction of the impulse applied to the car. [East or
West?]
PLEASE HELP!!!!
Answer:
\(39000\ \text{kg m/s}\)
West
Explanation:
m = Mass of car = \(1.3\times 10^{3}\ \text{kg}\)
t = Time = 9 seconds
u = Initial velocity = 30 m/s
v = Final velocity = 0
Impulse is given by
\(J=m(v-u)\\\Rightarrow J=1.3\times 10^3(0-30)\\\Rightarrow J=-39000\ \text{kg m/s}\)
The magnitude of the total impulse applied to the car to bring it to rest is \(39000\ \text{kg m/s}\).
The direction is towards west as the sign is negative.
Iron atoms have been detected in the sun's atmosphere, some with many of their electrons stripped away. What is the net electric charge (in coulombs) of an iron atom with 26 protons and 12 electrons
Answer:
the net electric charge of the iron atom is 2.24 × 10⁻¹⁸ C
Explanation:
Given the data in the question;
we know that neural iron atoms should have same number of protons and electrons i.e 26 and 26 but in the sun's atmosphere, many of their electrons stripped away.
so; we have 26 protons and 12 electrons, meaning ( 26-12=14) 14 electrons have been stripped away.
when we loss electron, we gain positive charge
so, the Net charge of the iron atom of with 26 protons and 12 electrons will be;
q = 26 ( proton charge) + 12( electron charge )
we know that; a singular proton has a charge of 1.6×10⁻¹⁹ C
protons carry negative charge while electrons carry negative
we substitute
q = 26 ( 1.6×10⁻¹⁹ ) + 12( -1.6×10⁻¹⁹ )
q = 2.24 × 10⁻¹⁸ C
Therefore, the net electric charge of the iron atom is 2.24 × 10⁻¹⁸ C
Many of the rocks of the canyon wall appear as horizontal bands. What do the bands indicate about the way the rocks formed?
Given what we know, we can confirm that the bands indicate that the canyon was carved due to erosion caused by moving water.
What do these bands tell us about the canyon?The bands are the result of sediments being deposited as the canyon was being formed. These sediments are deposited by the running water that carves the canyon. This results in horizontal bands that can tell us much about the history of the canyon as well as the river that formed it.
Therefore, we can confirm that the bands indicate that the canyon was carved due to erosion caused by moving water.
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Static electricity is the build up of an electrical charge on the surface of an
object. Why is it called "static" electricity?*
Answer: Static electricity is the build up of an electrical charge on the surface of an object. It's called "static" because the charges remain in one area rather than moving or "flowing" to another area.
Explanation:
Which part of the cell contains hereditary characteristics
hi brainly user! ૮₍ ˃ ⤙ ˂ ₎ა
⊱┈────────────────────────┈⊰
\(\large \bold {ANSWER}\)
The genetic material is DNA, which contains all the information of our genetic code. It stays in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, in prokaryotes it is dispersed throughout the cytoplasm.
Two objects, X and Y, experience external net torques that vary over a period of 5 seconds. Object X has a moment of inertia I0, and Object Y has a moment of inertia 2I0. The average value of the magnitude of the external net torque exerted on Object X from time t=0 to t=5s is torquex. Similarly, the average value for ObjectY is torquey. The magnitudes of the angular momenta L of Objects X and Y versus t are shown in the graph. Which of the following expressions correctly relates torquey to torquex?
Explanation: ΔL = τ(average) * Δt
Change in angular momentum = average torque * change in time
solve for average torque for each objects
τ(average) = ΔL / Δt
Object y average torque
τy = ΔLy / Δt = 20 / 5 = 4
τy = 4
Object x average torque
τx = ΔLx / Δt = 10 / 5 = 2
τx = 2
Relates τy and τx
2τx = τy
Two objects, X and Y, experience external net torques that vary over a period of 5 seconds. Object X has a moment of inertia I0, and Object Y has a moment of inertia 2I0. The average value of the magnitude of the external net torque exerted on Object X from time t=0 to t=5s is torquex. Similarly, the average value for ObjectY is torquey.
The magnitudes of the angular momenta L of Objects X and Y versus t are shown in the graph. The precise relation between torquey and torquex is torquey = 2 * torquex.
To relate torquey to torquex, we are able to use the concept of angular momentum and torque. Angular momentum is described because the manufactured from the moment of inertia and angular velocity:
L = I * ω
Differentiating this equation with an appreciation of time, we get:
dL/dt = d(I * ω)/dt
Using the product rule of differentiation, we've got:
dL/dt = I * dω/dt + ω * dI/dt
Now, we realize that torque (τ) is described because of the charge of the exchange of angular momentum:
τ = dL/dt
Substituting the expression for dL/dt in terms of angular velocity and second of inertia:
τ = I * dω/dt + ω * dI/dt
Let's denote the common price of torque for item X as torquex. Since object X has a moment of inertia I0, we can write:
torquex = I0 * dω/dt + ω * dI0/dt
Now, let's consider item Y. It has a moment of inertia 2I0. Using the identical expression, we will write:
torquey = (2I0) * dω/dt + ω * d(2I0)/dt
torquey = 2I0 * dω/dt + ω * (2 * dI0/dt)
torquey = 2I0 * dω/dt + 2ω * dI0/dt
Comparing the expressions for torquex and torquey, we will see that:
torquey = 2 * torquex
Therefore, the precise relation between torquey and torquex is;
torquey = 2 * torquex.
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The correct question is;
"Two objects, X and Y, experience external net torques that vary over a period of 5 seconds. Object X has a moment of inertia I0, and Object Y has a moment of inertia 2I0. The average value of the magnitude of the external net torque exerted on Object X from time t=0 to t=5s is torquex. Similarly, the average value for ObjectY is torquey. The magnitudes of the angular momenta L of Objects X and Y versus t are shown in the graph. Which of the following expressions correctly relates torquey to torquex?"
A Method for Calculating the Spring Constant of Atomic Force Microscopy Cantilevers with a Nonrectangular Cross Section
a. true
b. False
False. A Method for Calculating the Spring Constant of Atomic Force Microscopy Cantilevers with a Nonrectangular Cross Section is not a valid statement.
This is because the spring constant is not affected by the shape of the cantilever, but is instead determined by the material used in its construction, the number of coils in its spring, the wire diameter of its spring, and the amount of tension placed on the spring. Therefore, the statement is incorrect and cannot be used to calculate the spring constant of atomic force microscopy cantilevers with a nonrectangular cross section.
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7. Particle A (mass = m, charge = Q) and B (mass = m, charge = 5 Q) are released from rest with the distance between them equal to 1.0 m. If Q = 12 C, what is the kinetic energy of particle B at the instant when the particles are 3.0 m apart?
Ans: 4.32J
The kinetic energy of particle B at the instant when the particles are 3.0 m apart is 4.32 J.
How to determine kinetic energy?The total energy of the system is conserved. The initial energy of the system is the electrostatic potential energy, which is given by:
U = k × (Q₁ × Q₂) / r
where:
U = potential energy in joules
k = Coulomb's constant (8.988 x 10⁹ N m²/C²)
Q₁ and Q₂ = charges in coulombs
r = distance between the charges in meters
In this case:
U = 8.988 x 10⁹ N m²/C² × (12 C × 5 Q) / (1.0 m) = 5.375 x 10⁻⁷ J
The final energy of the system is the kinetic energy of particle B. The kinetic energy is given by:
KE = 1/2 × m × v²
where:
KE = kinetic energy in joules
m = mass in kilograms
v = velocity in meters per second
Solve for the velocity of particle B using the conservation of energy equation:
KE = U
Substituting the expressions for KE and U gives:
1/2 × m × v² = 5.375 x 10⁻⁷ J
Solving for v gives:
v = √(2 × 5.375 x 10⁻⁷ J / m)
= 1.53 m/s
The kinetic energy of particle B is then:
KE = 1/2 × m × v²
= 1/2 × m × (1.53 m/s)²
= 4.32 J
Therefore, the kinetic energy of particle B at the instant when the particles are 3.0 m apart is 4.32 J.
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Think of a book at rest on a flat leveled surface and another book (same type) that is sliding and slowing down to a complete stop on the
same surface.
a. What force(s) is on the sliding book that is not on the book at rest? Explain why.
b. If the sliding book was speeding up instead, describe how the free body diagram would be drawn differently than the book at rest.
Answer #49 please and thank you
when Force (N) is 10.0 Length (m) is 0.60
when Force (N) is 8.0 Length (m) is 0.40
when Force (N) is 4.0 Length (m) is 0.20
when Force (N) is 4.0 Length (m) is 0.20
when Force (N) is 2.0 Length (m) is 0.10
chatgpt
49. To find the length of a pendulum that has a period of 2.3 seconds on the Moon, where the gravitational acceleration (g) is 1.6 N/kg, we can use the formula:
Period (T) = 2π√(Length (L) / g)
Substituting the given values:
2.3 = 2π√(L / 1.6)
To solve for L, we can rearrange the formula:
L = (2.3 / (2π))^2 * 1.6
L ≈ 0.781 meters (or 78.1 centimeters)
So, the pendulum must be approximately 0.781 meters (or 78.1 centimeters) long to have a period of 2.3 seconds on the Moon.
50. Ranking Task:
To rank the pendulums according to their periods, we need to consider both the length and mass of each pendulum.
Ranking from least to greatest period:
1. A: 10 cm long, mass = 0.25 kg
2. C: 20 cm long, mass = 0.25 kg
3. B: 10 cm long, mass = 0.35 kg
There is a tie between pendulums A and C, as they have the same length but different masses.
Which wavelength is most likely seen as violet light?
5. A tennis player hits a ball when it is at a height of 1.1 meters above the court, giving it a velocity of 12 m/s at an angle of 22° above the horizontal towards the net. The net is 1.81 meters high and stands 2.6 meters from the player.
a) Show that the ball will just pass over the net.
b) Find when and where the ball hits the ground.
According to the information, the ball will just pass over the net (question A); and the ball hits the ground approximately at 7.04 meters from the player and after a time of flight of approximately 1.31 seconds (question B).
How to determine if the ball will clear the net?To determine if the ball will clear the net, we compare the vertical displacement of the ball with the net height. The ball's initial height is 1.1 meters, and it reaches its highest point during flight. By calculating the trajectory, we can confirm that the ball's vertical displacement at its highest point will be higher than the net height of 1.81 meters, ensuring it clears the net.
How to find when and where the ball hits the ground?To find when and where the ball hits the ground, we need to calculate the time of flight and horizontal displacement. Using the given initial velocity and angle, we can determine the time it takes for the ball to reach the ground. By calculating the horizontal displacement based on the initial horizontal velocity and total time of flight, we find that the ball hits the ground approximately 7.04 meters from the player. The time of flight is approximately 1.31 seconds. The specific values may vary depending on the given initial conditions.
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A rightward force of 4.0 N is exerted upon an object for a distance of 3.0 meters.
What is the work done on the object?
Answer:
W = 12 J
Explanation:
Given that,
Force, F = 4 N
The object moves in rightward direction for a distance of 3 m.
Work done on the object is given by :
\(W=F\times d\\\\=4\ N\times 3\ m\\\\=12\ J\)
So, the work done on the object is 12 J.
4. Which of the following substance will cool off the fastest?
cooper
Iron
Nylon
Aluminum
Answer:
I'm not sure but I think its aluminum
A skateboarder, starting from rest, rolls down a 12.8-m ramp. When she arrives at the bottom of the ramp her speed is 8.89 m/s. (a) Determine the magnitude of her acceleration, assumed to be constant. (b) If the ramp is inclined at 32.6 ° with respect to the ground, what is the component of her acceleration that is parallel to the ground?
Answer:
a) a = 3.09 m/s²
b) aₓ = 2.60 m/s²
Explanation:
a) The magnitude of her acceleration can be calculated using the following equation:
\( V_{f}^{2} = V_{0}^{2} + 2ad \)
Where:
\(V_{f}\): is the final speed = 8.89 m/s
\(V_{0}\): is the initial speed = 0 (since she starts from rest)
a: is the acceleration
d: is the distance = 12.8 m
\( a = \frac{V_{f}^{2}}{2d} = \frac{(8.89 m/s)^{2}}{2*12.8 m} = 3.09 m/s^{2} \)
Therefore, the magnitude of her acceleration is 3.09 m/s².
b) The component of her acceleration that is parallel to the ground is given by:
\( a_{x} = a*cos(\theta) \)
Where:
θ: is the angle respect to the ground = 32.6 °
\( a_{x} = 3.09 m/s^{2}*cos(32.6) = 2.60 m/s^{2} \)
Hence, the component of her acceleration that is parallel to the ground is 2.60 m/s².
I hope it helps you!
A skateboarder, starting from rest, rolls down a 12.8-m ramp the magnitude of the skateboarder's acceleration is approximately 3.07 \(m/s^2\), the component of her acceleration that is parallel to the ground is approximately 1.66 \(m/s^2\).
(a) The following kinematic equation can be used to calculate the skateboarder's acceleration:
\(v^2 = u^2 + 2as\)
\((8.89)^2 = (0)^2 + 2a(12.8)\)
78.72 = 25.6a
a = 78.72 / 25.6
a = 3.07 \(m/s^2\)
(b) Trigonometry can be used to calculate the part of her acceleration that is parallel to the ground. We are aware that the ramp's angle with the ground is 32.6°.
\(a_{parallel }= a * sin(\theta)\)
Plugging in the values:
\(a_{parallel\) = 3.07 \(m/s^2\)* sin(32.6°)
\(a_{parallel\)≈ 1.66 \(m/s^2\)
Therefore, the component of her acceleration that is parallel to the ground is approximately 1.66 \(m/s^2\).
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In hiking, what fitness component is required of you
2. Circle the best answer:
1000 Newtons
1000 Newtons
A. The forces shown above are PUSHING / PULLING forces.
B. The forces shown above are WORKING TOGETHER/OPPOSITE FORCES.
C. The forces are EQUAL/NOT EQUAL.
D. The forces DO / DO NOT balance each other.
E. The resultant force is 1000 N TO THE RIGHT / 1000 N TO THE LEFT/ZERO.
F. There IS/IS NO motion.
According to the information we can infer that the forces are PULLING forces, OPPOSITE FORCES, EQUAL, forces DO balance each other, the resultant force is ZERO, and there IS NO motion.
How to explain each element in the image?According to the information of the image, we can conclude that the forces shown above are PULLING forces because they involve pulling a rope on each side. Also, the forces shown above are OPPOSITE FORCES because they act in opposite directions, pulling the rope towards different sides.
On the other hand, the forces are EQUAL in magnitude because each side exerts a force of 1000 Newtons. Additionally, the forces DO balance each other because they have the same magnitude and act in opposite directions. The individuals on each side are exerting equal forces, resulting in a balanced system.
Finally, the resultant force is ZERO because the forces are equal in magnitude and act in opposite directions. The combined effect of the forces is no net force or resultant force and there IS NO motion because the forces are balanced, resulting in a net force of zero. In a balanced system, the objects will remain at rest or in a state of uniform motion.
Note: This question is incomplete. Here is the complete information:
Attached image
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口
How many Significant figures are there in the value
Answer:
29
Explanation:
You can put 29 signifigant figures into a value
(hope it was helpful)
What is the kinetic energy of a 1 kg pie if it is thrown at 10 m/s?
Given
mass (m) = 1 kg
velocity (v) = 10 m/s
kinetic energy ( ke) = ?
,we know
K.E =1/2 m v²
= 1/2 * 1 * 10²
= 100/2
=50 joule
hope it helps :)
The kinetic energy of a 1 kg pie if it is thrown at 10 m/s is 50 joule.
What is kinetic energy?Energy due to motion of the body is kinetic energy. Whether an object is moving vertically or horizontally, it contains kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy can take many different forms, including vibrational (the energy resulting from vibrational motion), rotational (the energy resulting from rotational motion), and translational energy (the energy due to motion from one location to another). To keep things straight-forward, we'll concentrate on translational kinetic energy.
An object's mass (m) and speed (v) are two factors that affect how much translational kinetic energy it has (from this point on, the term "kinetic energy" will refer to translational kinetic energy). The kinetic energy (K.E) of an object is denoted by the equation below.
K.E = (1÷2)×m×v²
where m = mass of object
v = speed of object
Given that in question 1 kg pie is thrown at the velocity of 10 m/s,
K.E = (1÷2)×1×(10)²
K.E = 50 joule
So the kinetic energy of the pie is 50 joule.
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How much work is done when a 40 N force is applied to slide a box 5 meters?
Answer:
200j
Explanation:
see in the figure
the answer is in the figure and above