as chemical energy flows through various trophic levels of an ecosystem the amount ofavailable energy is reduced. Which of the following statements best explains the reason for thereduction of available energy at successive trophic levels?a. most of the energy is used to maintain a constant temperature in the Organism.b.most of the energy remains stored in an Organism tissues for metabolism.C.a large amount of energy is lost to the surrounding environment as heat.d. a large amount of energy is available to microbes during decomposition.

Ans 2. On a human body, dorsal refers to the back portion of the body.

Ans 3. On a human body, ventral refers to the front part of the body.

Ans 4. Anterior is the front of a structure, or a structure found toward the front of the body.

Ans 5. Situated at or toward the hind part of the body.

Ans 6. the upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs.

Ans 7.It separates the outer ear from the middle ear. When sound waves reach the tympanic membrane they cause it to vibrate. The vibrations are then transferred to the tiny bones in the middle ear. The middle ear bones then transfer the vibrating signals to the inner ear.

The option B is correct. Chromatin is made up of DNA and proteins.

Chromatin refers to a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells of humans and other higher organisms. Many of the proteins — namely, histones — package the massive amount of DNA in a genome into a highly compact form that can fit in the cell nucleus.

The function of this complex, the chromatin, is to package and reduce the size of DNA/RNA (tightly wind it so it takes up less space), regulate DNA replication and gene expression and to protect the DNA from damage.

The chromatin structure is formed by the association of DNA and histones. With the help of histone proteins, chromatin organizes DNA into chromosomes. Histones are adaptor proteins that help the DNA structure. They form a complex structure around the DNA, giving the chromosome a more compact shape.

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In biodome ecosystems, the level of carbon decreases from producers to consumers and then increases in decomposers.

A biodome ecosystem is also known as a biosphere or an ecodome. It is a closed and controlled environment that replicates natural ecological systems. It is a man-made structure designed to sustain and support various plants, animals, and microorganisms within a controlled atmosphere.

Biodomes are often built as large enclosed structures, typically with transparent walls and roofs to allow sunlight to penetrate. The purpose of a biodome ecosystem is to create a self-sustaining environment.

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Answer:

Cellular Resperarion

Explanation:

Answer:

During this stage, each pyruvate molecule in the cytoplasm enters the mitochondrion, where it is converted into acetyl CoA, a two-carbon energy carrier, and its third carbon combines with oxygen and is released as carbon dioxide.

The process of Glycolysis is a catabolic process  in which two molecules glucose goes through a ten- step pathway and yield two molecules of pyruvate . It is a major part of carbohydrate metabolism .

Mechanism Of Glycolysis

The glycolysis is also known as EMP pathway and it is involved in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions .There are two phases in the mechanism of glycolysis in which 5 reactions takes place in each phase and the process of glycolysis takes place in cytosol

Preparatory phase refers to the  generation of two molecules of  glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate from one molecule of glucose which further goes into the payoff phase . In this phase two molecules of ATP are used and two regulatory enzymes were involved in this reaction .

Payoff phase refers to the further break down of two molecules of glyceraldehyde3-phosphate to two molecules of pyruvate . In this phase four molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH are generated . In this phase only one regulatory enzyme is involved which is the breakdown of PEP to pyruvate  .

Both the phases of glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and there are  three enzymes that involved in regulating the glycolytic pathway .This process is also known as the catabolic process .

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Answer:

H Cell division is unregulated.

Explanation:

Oncogenes are genes that, when mutated or somehow rendered overactive, cause cells to proliferate uncontrollably. This is a hallmark of cancer.

These genes make proteins with a range of functions, for example, signalling proteins, enzymes, transcription factors. What they have in common is that they promote cell growth and division.

The system that gives body structure, shape, and protects the inner organs is the skeleton. (Skeletal system)

2. The system that breaks down food for the rest of the body to use to make energy is the Digestive system. (Digestive System)

3. This system allow the body to move ( Muscular system)

4. This system controls everything in the body by communicating all throughout other systems ( Nervous System)

5.: This system filters the waste and removes toxins from the blood ( excretory system)

6. This system transports all nutrients, wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide and everything else throughout the blood ( cardiovascular system)

7. This system exchanges gases: oxygen for carbon dioxide ( respiratory system)

8. This system allows for life to be continued through fertilization and development of another human beings or species ( Reproductive system)

9. This system serves as protective barrier from the outside world and helps to regulate body temperature ( integumentary system)

These are systems that work together to maintain its overall function and well-being. They work together to maintain homeostasis, ensuring the body functions optimally. Some of the systems are listed above.

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Answer:

A

Explanation:

Butter, as good as it is, is not exactly good for us. Butter is an animal fat, or a saturated fat. This means that at room temperature these fats will remain solid. There is some science behind it and ill say this quickly, it has to do with the carbon atoms being packed with hydrogen atoms. This allows them to intertwine and be solid. The Vegetable Oil being unsaturated, a plant fat, is good for us! These are missing some of the atoms needed to make them stand up straight and be solid. So these are always liquid at room temperature! :)

We have that for the Question "Both vegetable oil and butter are made up of fats.  Why is butter a solid at room temperature, while vegetable oil is a liquid?"

Answer:

Explanation:

Butter contains more saturated fat., vegetable oil contains more unsaturated fat.

Melting point of Saturated fat less than melting point of Unsaturated fat

Intermolecular interactions in saturated fats greater than Intermolecular interactions in Unsaturated fats

Saturated molecules are so close and forms a solid.  UnSaturated molecules are not so close and forms a liquid at room temperature

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Wallace first wrote to Darwin in 1858 from Indonesia. In the letter he summarises Darwin's personal views, first outlined in 1842. This induced Darwin to are looking for publicati

on of the manuscript he had been working on for some time.

July 1st, 1858

On June 18th, 1858, Charles Darwin obtained an essay written by way of Alfred Russell Wallace from Ternate in the Malay Archipelago. It outlined Wallace's theory of evolution by herbal determination in terms that had been strikingly comparable to Darwin's very own drafts of the theory.

Wallace knew Darwin was working on comparable research. In 1858, he despatched Darwin a letter outlining his thoughts about evolution. The two collaborated on a scientific paper, discussing their proof for herbal resolution and evolution.

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The flexibility of spider silk determined by the structure of its molecules is quite strong.

The components that make up spider silk are what give it its flexibility. Proteins called fibroins, which are made up of amino acids organised in a certain sequence, make up spider silk. The arrangement of amino acids in fibroin proteins results in a helical structure, which is held together by hydrogen bonds between the amino acids.

The fibroin protein chain's exact arrangement of amino acids and hydrogen bonds produces a special blend of strength and flexibility. The silk is flexible enough to stretch and absorb energy without breaking and robust enough to resist significant stress. Spider silk is a fantastic material for many uses, including clothes, medical equipment, and even bulletproof vests, thanks to its unique mix of qualities.

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Answer:

Second class lever

Explanation:

A second class lever is when the resistance ( load/weight ) is placed in between the axis ( Fulcrum which is formed by the metatarsal and Phalanges ) and the force ( Achilles tendon ) that is applied to the lever. hence the class of lever being described is a second class lever

There are three classes of lever ( 1st class, 2nd class and third class ) but The most common lever found in Humans are the 3rd class levers. but standing on tiptoes by an individual is a perfect example of a 2nd class lever found in a Human.

The Load being the body weight being and in the middle of this lever is

referred to a the second class lever.

The second class lever has the load in  between the effort (force) and the

fulcrum. A common example is the wheelbarrow which has the load in the

middle.

In this scenario, the load which is the body is between the

effort(gastrocnemius and soleus muscles) and the fulcrum is the phalanges

which is a characteristic of a second class lever.

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Based on what causes cancers, it can be concluded that HPV infection causes changes in the DNA of affected individuals resulting in cancer.

The human papilloma virus HPV, is a virus that causes warts on hand and feets.

It has been established that HPV infection increases the incidence of cancers.

Cancers are caused by mutations in DNA.

Therefore, it can be concluded that HPV infection causes changes in the DNA of affected individuals resulting in cancer.

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Answer:

A. Cells infected with HPV divide more frequently

Explanation:

HPV infects the cells and changes the setup of the cells division process, thus resulting in the cell dividing more frequently, and most likely becoming cancerous.

Hope this helps!

Answer:  Structural adaptations are physical features of an organism like the bill on a bird or the fur on a bear. Other adaptations are behavioral. ... Adaptations usually occur because a gene mutates or changes by accident! Some mutations can help an animal or plant survive better than others in the species without the mutation.

Explanation:

The two organisms that live near the elephant and show common ancestry are manatees and dugongs, which are members of the order Sirenia.

DNA, fossils, and embryos can be compared to show common ancestry.

Elephants are members of the family Elephantidae, which includes two living species: the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) and the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Both of these species share a common ancestry and are members of the same order, Proboscidea, which also includes several extinct elephant-like species.

Some of the organisms that are closely related to elephants and also share common ancestry include manatees and dugongs, which are members of the order Sirenia. Both elephants and sirenians are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor that lived about 60 million years ago.

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Answer and Explanation:

We can mention the advantages of the plants of the Fabaceae family, also known as legumes, such as beans, soybeans, peanuts and peas. First, we must mention how these plants have high nutritional values ​​providing high levels of iron and nitrogen that are essential elements for human health. However, a benefit that these planats produce and that is important on a worldwide scale is the fixation of nitrogen in the soil. All living beings need nitrogen in their bodies, since nitrogen is a primary element in the composition of nucleic acids and proteins. Animals are able to ingest nitrogen from the vegetable diet, but vegetables cannot absorb nitrogen from the atmosphere or nitrogen from the soil, because they are not in molecular forms that plants can absorb. To reverse this, farmers put chemical fertilizers on the plantations, but these fertilizers pollute the environment intensely. It is in this scenario that the plants of the Fabaceae family are important. This is because these plants are able to associate with bacteria that can capture atmospheric nitrogen and place it in the soil, in the molecular form that all plants can absorb. This allows plants to have the necessary nutrients for their growth, reduces environmental pollution, decreases spending on agricultural production, promotes correct levels of nitrogen for human consumption and allows agricultural products to be healthier.

Answer:

they immediately begin to search for food

Explanation:

DNA and RNA have similarities in their nucleotide composition and involvement in genetic processes. However, they differ in their sugar type, strandedness, and specific functions in protein synthesis. Understanding these similarities and differences is crucial for comprehending the fundamental mechanisms of genetics and cellular processes.

RNA and DNA are both nucleic acids that play essential roles in genetic information and protein synthesis. However, they differ in various aspects.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides. It contains the sugar deoxyribose and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). DNA carries the genetic code and serves as the hereditary material in most organisms.

On the other hand, RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is typically single-stranded and contains the sugar ribose. RNA also consists of nucleotides, but it uses uracil (U) instead of thymine as a nitrogenous base. RNA has several forms, including messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Each form has specific roles in protein synthesis.

In terms of function, DNA stores and transmits genetic information, while RNA helps translate that information into proteins. DNA is primarily located in the nucleus of cells, while RNA is found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm.

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Answer:

A. absorb

Explanation:

Experience

Embryonated chicken eggs represents an in vivo method for cultivating viruses. (option c)

To cultivate viruses in a living system, an in vivo method is used. Among the options provided, embryonated chicken eggs are the most commonly used method for culturing viruses in a living organism.

HeLa cells: HeLa cells (a) are human cancer cells commonly used in laboratory research, but they are not a living organism suitable for virus cultivation.

Pure bacterial cell cultures: Bacterial cell cultures (b) are often used to study bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria. However, this method involves culturing viruses in bacterial hosts and does not involve a living organism.

Embryonated chicken eggs: Embryonated chicken eggs (c) are a widely used method for virus cultivation. In this method, viruses are injected into the developing embryo, which provides an environment for viral replication. The embryos provide a controlled and nutrient-rich environment for the viruses to grow and propagate.

Lung cell culture: Lung cell culture (d) involves growing lung cells in a laboratory setting. While this method can be used to study certain viruses, it is an in vitro (outside a living organism) method rather than an in vivo method.

In conclusion, the in vivo method for cultivating viruses among the options provided is embryonated chicken eggs. This method provides a living system in which viruses can replicate and propagate. (option c)

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The LEAF as a photosynthetic organ includes the following cells which contains CHLOROPLASTS

• the palisade mesophyll

• the spongy mesophyll and

• the stomatal guard cells

The LEAFS are the main organ of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants manufacture their food in the presence of sunlight. This takes place in the CHLOROPLASTS of these plant. CHLOROPLASTS are structures that contains chlorophyll which traps in energy from the sunlight.

The mesophyll tissues are located between the upper and the lower epidermis of the leaf. The palisade mesophyll, which is found at the upper part, contains numerous CHLOROPLASTS and is the main site of photosynthesis in the leaf.

The spongy mesophyll is located at the lower part of the epidermis. They are irregularly arranged with air spaces between them which are linked to the stomatal openings. They also contain CHLOROPLASTS.

The stomatal guard cells are a pair of bean-shaped cells which controls the opening and closing of stomata. These cells contains CHLOROPLASTS which contributes to the movement of stomata.

Therefore the three different cells of the leaf that contains CHLOROPLASTS are the palisade mesophyll, the spongy mesophyll and the stomatal guard cells.

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Answer:

32 teeth

Explanation:

8 incisors

4 canines, also called cuspids

8 premolars, also called bicuspids

12 molars, including 4 wisdom teeth.

Answer:

Negative feedback.

Explanation:

It is negative feedback because the reactions triggered by low glucose levels are trying to rebalance the glucose concentrations in our body to make it work properly.

In positive feedback, a product will only stimulate more the components that lead to that product to produce more of it, increasing the product's effect and an imbalance.

Answer:

1- dilate

2- perfusion

Explanation

when blood pressure increase the arterioles dilate (become smaller) so that cells can absorb the oxygen from the blood easily. perfusion will be altered or slowed down. (The perfusion is the passage of fluid through the circulatory system. )

Using two heterozygous tall pea plants, so Tt is the genotype.

       T        t    <---- alleles from parent one

T      TT    Tt

t       Tt      tt

^alleles from parent two on the left

Results:  TT, Tt, Tt, and tt

Genotype ratio:  1/4 TT, 1/2 Tt, 1/4 tt

Phenotype ratio: T is dominant over t, so 3/4 tall and 1/4 short pea plants

Explanation:

A whales "poop," actually helps the environment because smaller fish, microbes feed off of this. then it creates nutrients the ocean needs, it's a balance of nature. Regulating waste within the ocean...its a perfect balance of h2o quality & fish(oceanatic creature) life. like seaweed, plankton, and microbes necessary to naturally clean ocean debris...

Answer:

The correct option is gene 1 with the dN/dS ratio of 0.01

Explanation:

In order for negative selection to occur, the dN/dS ratio has to be between 0 and 1. There three genes that lie within this range, and hence, we can choose the smallest one to provide the strongest evidence among those to represented as the one being negatively selected. Where the dN/dS ratio is equal to 1, it means neutral and where the dN/dS ratio is greater than 1, it means positive selection.

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