A pedigree diagram expresses the relationships of individuals, their gender, and the presence / absence of a specific trait. To be of much use in a genetic analysis, the pedigree must include several generations, preferably from a family with many children.
Objectives:

To familiarize students with the construction of human pedigrees. Students will apply their knowledge of inheritance patterns to pedigrees. Students will identify the relationships between individuals in a pedigree and determine what inheritance pattern is present in a family based on which individuals in the pedigree are affected and unaffected. Then students will assign individuals who are represented in a pedigree genotypes based on clues they interpret from the pedigree.

Pedigrees 1 - 5 can be found in the WORD or PDF files below this assignment in the weekly Moodle block


Consider the pedigree for cystic fibrosis. (See Pedigree 1.) An autosomal recessive gene (f) causes serious respiratory difficulties that usually lead to death of afflicted people by their late 30’s.

The generations are indicated by the Roman numerals on the left side of the pedigree. The members of each generation (related or not) are indicated by Arabic numbers. Females are represented by circles and males are represented with squares. Individuals with cystic fibrosis are shaded gray (or black). Thus, the 2 affected individuals are those in the 3rd generation: III-2 and III-4.

You have already learned about the inheritance pattern of CF. However, you could have inferred it from the pedigree. Because the disease only affects siblings in one generation, the disease is most likely to have autosomal recessive inheritance.

Because we know that cystic fibrosis is autosomal recessive, we can write the genotypes (entirely or in part) of all of the individuals in this family tree. Recessive homozygous individuals (ff) express the disease. Each normal individual has at least 1 dominant allele (F). We know that the individuals II – 2 and II – 3 are heterozygous (because this couple has a child with CF). The genotypes of the other 2 individuals in generation II can only be written as F_ because we do not know if they are FF or Ff.

QUESTIONS:

1. Using pedigree 1, list all of the possible genotypes of these individuals:
HINT: the easiest way to do this is to write letters (alleles) in, on the pedigree, for the people you know for sure. In this case, write the genotype that is homozygous recessive under the affected people. Then write out the genotypes of other individuals that you can infer. After you have filled in the genotypes on the pedigree, then fill out this chart.
Individual Genotype
I-1
I-2
I-3
I-4
II-1
II-2
II-3
III-1
III-2
III-3
III-4
III-5

2. Look at PEDIGREE #2. Do you think the trait shown is autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive? List all of the characteristics of the pedigree that justify your answer.

Use the letters "B" and "b" for the alleles.

3. What is the most likely genotype of individual I-2?

4. What does the notation like an upside-down T between II-3 and II-4 mean?

5. What is the chance that III-3 will have an affected child?

6. What is the chance that III-4 will have an affected child?

7. What is the genotype of individual III-2?

The family depicted in PEDGIREE #3 has some individuals with achondroplasia, a form of dwarfism. Note: (1) The homozygous dominant genotype is lethal; unfortunately infants with this genotype have such small ribs they cannot breathe at birth. (2) All of the people in the pedigree who have the dominant allele have the express the achondroplasia phenotype.

8. For each of the Genotypes listed below write every individual in pedigree 3 that has that genotype (Write then as “I-1, I-2, etc):

Individuals with genotype "AA"
Individuals with genotype "Aa"
Individuals with genotype "aa"
Individuals with genotype "AA" or "Aa"
Individuals with genotype "Aa" or "aa"

9. Look at Pedigree 4. Do you think the trait shown is autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive or something else? List all of the characteristics of the pedigree that justify your answer.

10. Look at Pedigree #5. What does the double line between individuals III-2 and III-3 indicate?

11. What inheritance pattern is present in pedigree #5?

12. Why are III-2 and III-3 in pedigree #5 more likely to have an affected child?

Asexually reproducing aliens would be more susceptible to the NASA-created virus. Option A is correct.

This is due to the fact that asexual reproduction creates genetically identical offspring through the process of mitosis without the transfer of genetic material from one person to another. Because of this lack of genetic diversity, any mutation or genetic change caused by the virus would have an impact on the entire population. On the other hand, through meiosis and fertilisation, sexually reproducing aliens create offspring with distinctive genetic material. Due to the fact that different people would react to the virus differently due to genetic diversity, it would be more challenging for the virus to infect the entire population. As a result, the virus would spread more readily and have a greater effect on the asexually reproducing aliens.

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One of the most important Ds in the 6Ds of behavior change is the preparation stage.

A behavioral change is regarded as a shift in an individual's conduct as compared to prior behavior and can be either temporary or permanent. According to the transtheoretical model of behavioral changes, the 6Ds include pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and relapse or termination.

People are not thinking about changing when they are in the precontemplation stage. People learn more and more about the potential advantages of changing during the contemplation stage. You might start making minor adjustments in the planning stage to get ready for a bigger change in your life. The fourth stage of change is when people start acting directly to achieve their objectives. The Stages of Change model's maintenance phase focuses on successfully avoiding old behaviors and maintaining new behaviors. You could feel like a failure, disappointed in yourself, and frustrated when you relapse. One can avoid relapse through effective practices.

Thus, the most important stage is the preparation stage. People skipping this step to adopt behavior change are more likely to relapse within 21 days.

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Archaea and eubacteria are primarily different in their genetic and biochemical characteristics.

While both archaea and eubacteria are single-celled microorganisms, they exhibit distinct differences in their genetic makeup, cell membrane structure, and metabolic processes. Here are some primary differences between the two:

1. Genetic Makeup: Archaea have unique genetic sequences that differ from both eubacteria and eukaryotes. They possess genes and genetic machinery that are distinct from other organisms, making them a separate domain of life.

2. Cell Membrane Composition: Archaea have cell membranes composed of unique lipids called isoprenoids, which are different from the fatty acid-based lipids found in eubacteria and eukaryotes. This structural difference allows archaea to thrive in extreme environments, such as hot springs and acidic environments.

3. Metabolic Processes: Archaea exhibit diverse metabolic pathways and can utilize a wide range of energy sources, including methane, sulfur, and even sunlight. Eubacteria, on the other hand, encompasses a broader range of metabolic diversity and can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and living organisms.

Regarding the second part of your statement, archaea and eubacteria are not considered ancestors of protists and first eukaryotes. The origin of eukaryotes is still an area of scientific inquiry and debate. However, current scientific understanding suggests that eukaryotes likely evolved from a symbiotic relationship between prokaryotic cells, including both archaea and eubacteria, giving rise to complex cellular structures and internal compartments. This process is known as endosymbiotic theory. Protists, which are a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms, likely evolved later in the course of evolution.

Answer:

I believe the answer is "A. They can both involve the transfer of thermal energy from one material to another."

Conduction and convection have in common the fact that both involve the movement of particles (Option D).

In conclusion, conduction and convection have in common the fact that both involve the movement of particles (Option D).

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Answer:

The two methods of Waste Management which I believe are best for society is recycling and landfilling.

Answer:

gsgshahhsudgdhxhciauahaususisssivdvdheusu

Answer:

any substance containing nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that can be ingested by a living organism and metabolized into energy and body tissue.

Answer:

A they create cyclones as a part of the Coriolis effect

Statins lower cholesterol and prevent plaque buildup, while stents restore blood flow. Statins are preventive, stents are reactive; both reduce heart attack risk (option b).

Statins are medications that help reduce cholesterol levels and prevent plaque buildup in the arteries, thus decreasing the risk of heart attacks.

They are typically used as a preventive measure for individuals with high cholesterol or existing heart issues. Stents, on the other hand, are small mesh tubes inserted into narrowed or blocked arteries to restore blood flow.

They are a reactive treatment, used after detecting significant artery blockage or following a heart attack.

Both statins and stents have their own advantages in reducing heart attack risk, with statins acting as a preventive measure and stents providing immediate relief to blocked arteries.

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The answers include the following:

Thus is referred to as the type of organism which don't have a backbone or spinal cord and examples include worms, ant etc.

Platyhelminthes and Nematodes and the closest previous branch of the tree have common feature such as the presence of a coelom which contains the digestive system which ensures that nutrient are derived from various food substances and a body cavity.

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Answer:

Bacteriorhodopsin

Explanation:

Purple Halobacterium species owe their color to bacteriorhodopsin, a light-sensitive protein.

The plants exhibit pharmacological significance due to their alkaloid content, which can have potent effects on the nervous system and various bodily functions.

Family Solanaceae, commonly known as the nightshade family, is a diverse group of flowering plants characterized by several key features. The floral formula of Solanaceae is typically represented as (5) K (5) C(5) A(2+2) G(2), indicating five sepals, five petals, five fused stamens (with two longer and three shorter ones), and a superior ovary composed of two fused carpels. The floral diagram represents a radial symmetry with overlapping sepals and petals, and the stamens and pistil positioned in the center.

Solanaceae encompasses many medicinally important plant species. Two notable examples are:

Atropa belladonna: Also known as deadly nightshade, Atropa belladonna contains alkaloids such as atropine and scopolamine, which have various medical uses. These compounds have anticholinergic properties and are used in medicine to dilate pupils, treat gastrointestinal disorders, and relieve bronchial spasms.

Datura stramonium: Commonly called jimsonweed or thorn apple, Datura stramonium contains alkaloids like scopolamine and hyoscyamine. It is used for its antispasmodic and bronchodilatory properties and has been employed in traditional medicine to relieve asthma symptoms and treat skin conditions.

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The correct order of respiration is:

Oxygen is absorbed in the lungs and food is absorbed in the gut, The blood transports oxygen and nutrients to individual cells, Oxygen and food pass through the cell membrane and reach mitochondria, Carbon dioxide and water pass through the cell membrane, The blood transports carbon dioxide to the lungs and water is removed from the body.

Respiration is the process by which living organisms produce energy from food molecules. In humans and other animals, respiration occurs in the cells of the body, particularly in the mitochondria, which are organelles responsible for producing ATP, the primary source of energy for cellular processes.

The process of respiration can be broken down into two main stages:

External respiration: This stage involves the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the body and the environment.

Internal respiration: This stage involves the use of oxygen to produce energy through cellular respiration.

In summary, respiration is the process by which living organisms produce energy from food molecules. It involves the exchange of gases between the body and the environment, and the use of oxygen to produce energy through cellular respiration.

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Answer:

Most of the world's weather originates in the troposphere, a second scientist tells Carbon Brief, meaning that changes to seasonal temperatures could be affecting the likelihood of extreme weather events, such as flooding and drought.

Explanation:

Answer:

In addition to overproduction, industrial monoculture predisposes farms to pest problems. To keep up with intensified production, farmers increased pesticide and fertilizer usage, crop density, and the number of crop cycles per season, but decreased crop diversity

Explanation:

Monocultures lack other plant and animal species that limit the transmission of disease and manage pests through predation, which increases the danger of disease and pest outbreaks.

One variety of crop is grown at a time on a particular field in a practice known as monoculture farming. A poly culture system, in contrast, presupposes that two or more crops are sown in a field at once.

Because monoculture farming has the potential to disrupt the natural soil balance, it is not sustainable.

The soil moisture is unstable in a typical monoculture situation. Due to the increased need for water to irrigate crops, water sources including rivers and reservoirs are being unevenly drained.

Therefore, monoculturing is not suitable.

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Answer:

precipitation would be the answer

The metric system is a system of measurement that is utilized throughout the world. The fundamental units of the metric system are meter, gram, and liter. In this system, prefixes are used to represent measurements that are bigger or smaller than the fundamental units.

The prefix “kilo-,” for example, indicates a measurement that is a thousand times bigger than the fundamental unit. Lab Intro - The Metric System Exercise A - Measurement or Distance The metric system is used to measure length or distance.

The standard unit of length in the metric system is the meter, which is represented by the symbol “m.” The metric system is used to measure distances or lengths that vary from millimeters (mm) to kilometers (km).In order to determine measurements in the metric system, the fundamental units are combined with prefixes.

For example, one centimeter (cm) is equal to 1/100th of a meter, while one millimeter (mm) is equal to 1/1000th of a meter. One kilometer (km), on the other hand, is equal to a thousand meters (m).

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The Astronomers determine estimates for the age of the universe from (1), (2), (3), and (5).

The entirety of time, space, and everything in them, including all known types of matter and energy, make up the universe. Everything that exists is included in it, from the tiniest subatomic particles to the largest known formations, such galaxies and superclusters.

Astronomers have arrived at their estimates for the universe's age in the following ways:

(1) Hubble expansion rate: Using this technique, the redshifts of far-off galaxies are used to calculate the pace at which the universe is expanding. By projecting backwards from the universe's present expansion rate, the age of the universe can be determined.

(2) The amount of the radioactive element uranium-238 in old stars may be measured, and its decay rate can be used to determine the age of the stars and, by extension, the age of the universe.

(3) Radioactive dating of old Earth rocks: This technique entails figuring out the ages of the planet's oldest rocks using radioactive dating methods, which offers a more conservative estimate of the universe's age.

(5) The age of the oldest globular clusters in the Milky Way galaxy can be used to calculate the age of the universe using this approach, which is number five.

Thus, the appropriate choices are (1), (2), (3), and (5). Although it is employed in other cosmological investigations, the amount of dark energy is not used to directly calculate the age of the universe.

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Answer:

When cellular membranes form, phospholipids assemble into two layers because of these hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The phosphate heads in each layer face the aqueous or watery environment on either side, and the tails hide away from the water between the layers of heads, because they are hydrophobic.

Explanation:

Answer:

fruit flies can make 50 eggs, witch can become adults in less then a week. but we have items that are used to kill them. so there population starts to go down then rises back up then gose back down

Explanation:

Answer:

The fruit fly population exhibits logistic growth, while the rabbit populations exhibits exponential growth.

Explanation:

A scatter plot is used to display a correlation between two continuous variables, as shown in the given problem. A line of best fit is a straight line that passes through most of the data points in a scatter plot, indicating the direction and strength of the relationship between the two variables.

In order to determine the line of best fit in a scatter plot, one needs to draw a line that best represents the overall pattern of the data points. To illustrate, one might consider the following three graphs:In the first graph, the line of best fit is relatively flat, indicating a weak correlation between the two variables. This means that weight does not increase or decrease in direct proportion to height, but rather varies more independently.In the second graph, the line of best fit is more diagonal, indicating a stronger correlation between height and weight.

This means that as height increases, weight also tends to increase, although the relationship is not necessarily linear.In the third graph, the line of best fit is steep, indicating a very strong correlation between the two variables. This means that as height increases, weight tends to increase at a faster rate.

The answer to the given question would depend on the slope of the line of best fit in the scatter plot provided. However, it is not possible to determine this without the scatter plot itself. In this case, the line of best fit would be a good predictor of weight given height.

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Answer: it’s b

Explanation: the one starting from 130 and going up

The correct answer is The aim of segmentation is to tailor marketing efforts to your ideal customer profile (ICP), i.e. the customers most likely to buy your product or service.

However, segmentation mostly takes place in your intestines, as opposed to peristalsis, which happens throughout your GI tract. Your intestines' circular muscles contract during segmentation to churn food back and forth, rather like a washing machine. Segmentation, which mostly affects the small intestine, is made up of localised contractions of the GI tract's circular muscle. These contractions separate off little portions of the intestine, allowing their contents to move back and forth while being continually divided, broken up, and mixed. Chewing triggers the start of digestion, which is completed in the small intestine. Large food molecules break down into smaller ones as they move through the GI tract and combine with digestive fluids.

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The energy transformations that occur in the given devices are as follows:

Energy transformation refers to the processes by which one form of energy is transformed into another form.

The law of conservation of energy guides the various energy transformations that occur in the universe.

The law of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another.

The energy transformations that occur in the given device are as follows:

In conclusion, energy transformations occur according to the law of conservation of energy.

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Answer:

The answer is C. Their cells have nuclei.

Answer:

Main Difference – Mutation vs Variation

Mutation and variation are two simultaneous events involved in the process of evolution. The main difference between mutation and variation is that mutation is an alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a gene whereas variation is any difference between individuals of a particular species. Mutations may arise due to environmental factors such as chemicals and UV. Germline mutations are inherited by the offspring. Somatic mutations occur in the ordinary body cells. Variation can occur due to mutations, genetic recombination, gene flow, genetic drift, random mating, random fertilization, and environmental factors. Variation may also cause evolution through natural selection.

Answer: C: "These beautiful creatures are amazing to watch."

Explanation: Bias is where an author adds their personal opinion on a topic such as this one on monarch butterflies.  Sometimes, authors use bias and it gets away from the facts and the credibility that the topic should bring.  In option C, the words "beautiful" and "amazing to watch" steers the reader away from the actual topic with their personal opinions.  The other options from the passage include facts about the monarch butterflies and resisting the urge to add comments about how beautiful or interesting they are.

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The given art piece is considered to be Polynesian Art. So the correct option is option D.

Polynesia is divided into the East Polynesian and West Polynesian cultural groups. West Polynesian culture is characterized by a high population density. West Polynesia has strong marriage institutions and well-established judicial, monetary, and commercial customs. West Polynesia includes the groups,  Tonga, Samoa, and Fiji.

People were artists and craftspeople of exceptional skill. Simple things like fish hooks would be made to exact specifications for various catches and embellished even when the embellishment wasn’t part of the purpose. Stone and wood weapons were seen as more powerful the more beautifully crafted and embellished they were. In many island groups, weaving was an integral part of their culture, and gift-giving of woven articles was a long-standing tradition.

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Explanation:

A. Creativity

Creativity is a characteristic or trait in scientists or other answer seekers that allows them to think out of the box. It allows them to look through different perspectives to find new or other solutions to a problem.

The correct combination of vital signs is temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate.

Vital signs are key measurements that provide important indicators of a person's physiological status and overall health. They help healthcare professionals assess and monitor a patient's condition. The vital signs typically include temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure. Among the options provided, the correct combination of vital signs is temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate.

Temperature is a measure of the body's internal heat. It can be measured orally, rectally, or with the help of infrared thermometers. Deviations from the normal range may indicate fever or hypothermia, which can be indicative of underlying health issues.

The respiratory rate refers to the number of breaths a person takes per minute. It provides insight into lung function and overall respiratory health. Abnormal respiratory rates may suggest respiratory distress or underlying pulmonary conditions.

Heart rate, also known as pulse rate, measures the number of times the heart beats per minute. It reflects cardiac activity and can be assessed by feeling the pulse at various points in the body. Deviations from the normal heart rate can indicate cardiovascular problems or other physiological abnormalities.

Weight, muscle mass, and height are not typically considered vital signs. They are important anthropometric measurements used for assessing overall body composition, growth, and nutritional status. While these measurements are relevant in healthcare, they are not classified as vital signs.

In summary, the vital signs include temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate. Monitoring these parameters allows healthcare professionals to gain valuable insights into a patient's health status, identify potential issues, and make informed decisions regarding treatment and care.

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