compare and contrast the proton gradients in respiration vs photosynthesis
Answers
Proton gradients play a crucial role in both respiration and photosynthesis.
In respiration, proton gradients are created through the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. As electrons are passed through the chain, hydrogen ions (protons) are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. This creates a gradient, with more protons outside the membrane than inside. The gradient is then used to power the production of ATP through the enzyme ATP synthase.
In photosynthesis, proton gradients are created in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts. During the light-dependent reactions, electrons are passed through the photosystems and proton pumps, similar to the electron transport chain in respiration. This creates a gradient with more protons in the lumen of the thylakoid than in the stroma. This gradient is then used to power the production of ATP through the enzyme ATP synthase, as well as to generate a reducing power (NADPH) that is used in the light-independent reactions.
So, while the basic principles of proton gradients are the same in both respiration and photosynthesis, there are some differences in the specifics of how they are generated and used. Overall, both processes rely on proton gradients to generate ATP, which is essential for cellular energy production.
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Related Questions
7,599 divided by 17 what is the answer just tell me the number lol im in math
Answers
Answer:
477
Explanation:
Answer:
447
Explanation:
Hope this helps, have a great day!
how do density and convection current cause movement on earth?
Answers
What kind of cells have a cell wall? what is the purpose of a cell wall?.
Answers
The cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane of plant cells and provides tensile strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress. It also allows cells to develop turgor pressure, which is the pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall.
1. fatty acids2. amino acids3. phospholipids4. hydrogen5. peptide6. tertiary7. secondary8. rough endoplasmic reticulum9. ribosome10. Golgi apparatus11. vesicle
Answers
The production of antibodies inside the lymphocytes starts at the ribosome (organelle) by joining amino acids together, creating peptide bonds, and forming the primary level structure polypeptide. The polypeptide bends and folds tertiary in the Golgi apparatus (organelle), to form the next level of structure. For instance, the secondary level of structure is formed by hydrogen bonds to create alpha helix or beta-pleated formations.
In order for an antibody to be released into the blood, a fully formed antibody will move from rough endoplasmic reticulum (organelle) to another organelle named Golgi apparatus to sort and be processed for shipment out of the cell. Antibodies transport from organelle to organelle and to the plasma membrane in a vesicle, which is made out of fatty acids-phospholipids.
1. fatty acids
2. amino acids
3. phospholipids
4. hydrogen
5. peptide
6. tertiary
7. secondary
8. rough endoplasmic reticulum (organelle)
9. ribosome (organelle)
10. Golgi apparatus (organelle)
11. vesicle
What is it called when part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome?
Answers
It is called translocations when part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome.
A condition known as chromosomal translocation in genetics causes an unusual rearrangement of chromosomes. There are two basic types of translocation—reciprocal and Robertsonian—both balanced and unbalanced. A chromosome defect called reciprocal translocation results from the exchange of pieces across chromosomes that are not homologous. The two separated pieces of two distinct chromosomes are exchanged. With two healthy pairs of chromosomes, one of each pair "sticks" and melds together uniformly in a Robertsonian translocation, which happens when two non-homologous chromosomes become linked.
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Question: How does the genetic information in a cell from your toe differ to the genetic information in a cell from your arm?
(please help)
Answers
Answer:
technically the same
Explanation:
The genetic blueprint for you will be the same in both but both have a different protocol I guess, as in all the cells in your toe are told to do their job which essentially builds and maintains your toe while the same happens in your arm. of course this is only my understanding of it and I'm sure someone else will give a way more detailed answer soon.
Which sentence best describes how groundwater travels from the land
surface to the ocean after a rainstorm?
OA. The water flows into the ground and enters an impermeable rock
layer, then flows toward the ocean.
OB. The water flows into the ground and enters an aquifer, then flows
by capillary action toward the ocean.
OC. The water flows into the ground until it meets impermeable rock,
then flows underground toward the ocean.
D. The water flows into the ground by capillary action, then flows
underground toward the ocean.
Answers
Answer:
D. The water flows into the ground by capillary action, then flows
underground toward the ocean.
Plants move and grow by pumping water into and out of cells. Because the pressure in plant cells can be so much greater than in animal cells, plant cells need- O a nucleus. O mitochondria. O cell walls. chloroplasts. O
Answers
Answer: O cell walls.
Explanation:
Plant cells need cell walls to support their structure. Therefore, option C is correct.
What is a cell wall?Plant cells have a cell wall that surrounds their plasma membrane and offers tensile strength as well as defense against osmotic and mechanical stress. Additionally, it enables the development of turgor pressure or the pressure of the contents of the cell against the cell wall.
Most plant cells, bacteria, algae, fungi, and certain archaea have cell walls. in the cells that have a cell wall. It is a cellulose or chitin-based stiff, semi-permeable structure.
Cell walls can be classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary. The amount of cellulose in the various cell types' walls varies. Plant cells need cell walls to support their structure. Therefore, option C is correct.
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In a population, there are three alleles for gene A [A L A21 A3]. None of the three alleles affects the phenotype of individuals that carry them. Originally, there were equal proportions of each allele in the population. After 50 generations, the frequencies of A1 and A3 have dropped to 0%. Evaluate the following staements as Tme Of False Individuals carrying A1 or A3 were removed by natural selection. Select one: a) True b) False
There was a large immigration of individuals carrying the A2 allele into this population. Select one: a) True b) False
Answers
The statement "Individuals carrying A1 or A3 were removed by natural selection" is true, while the statement "There was a large immigration of individuals carrying the A2 allele into this population" is false.
In the given scenario, it is mentioned that none of the three alleles (A1, A2, and A3) affect the phenotype of individuals carrying them. This implies that there is no selective advantage or disadvantage associated with any of these alleles. Consequently, the change in allele frequencies over 50 generations is not due to natural selection.
The frequencies of A1 and A3 alleles have dropped to 0% after 50 generations, indicating that individuals carrying these alleles have been removed from the population. However, since there is no selective pressure acting on these alleles, the elimination of the A1 and A3 alleles is likely a result of genetic drift. Genetic drift refers to random fluctuations in allele frequencies in a population over time, especially in small populations.
On the other hand, the statement regarding a large immigration of individuals carrying the A2 allele is false. There is no mention of any immigration event in the given information. Additionally, the scenario states that originally there were equal proportions of each allele in the population, suggesting that the population was not influenced by external immigration events.
Therefore, the correct answers are:
A. True
B. The elimination of A1 and A3 alleles is likely due to genetic drift, which is a random process that can cause fluctuations in allele frequencies over time. The lack of selective advantage or disadvantage associated with these alleles indicates that natural selection is not responsible for their removal. As for the statement regarding the immigration of individuals carrying the A2 allele, there is no evidence or mention of such an event in the given scenario.
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Which two of the three elements have SIMILAR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (valence electrons)?
1. Li - Na - Mg
2. F - Br - O
3. P - As - Se
4. Ra - Ba - Cs
Answers
Answer:
1. Li - Na
2. F - Br
3. P - As
4. Ra - Ba
What do you do when you have abdominal pains?
Answers
Answer:
Use ginger, drink tea, chew peppermint gum, or simply use a heating pad.
Blood passes through the left av valve as it moves from the _______ to the _______.
Answers
Answer:
left atrium; left ventricle
Blood passes through the left AV valve as it moves from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
The left AV valve is also known as the mitral valve or bicuspid valve. It is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle in the heart and allows blood to flow from the left atrium, where it has been collected from the lungs, into the left ventricle, from where it is pumped out to the rest of the body during the contraction of the heart.
Blood is a vital bodily fluid that circulates through the circulatory system of animals, including humans. The blood's primary functions include transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells, removing waste products and carbon dioxide from cells, regulating body temperature, carrying hormones, and supporting the immune system.
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What is a gene?
A) the different forms of a trait
B) a segment of DNA that is the basic unit of heredity
C) the appearance or characteristics that are seen in an organism
D) an organism's allele combination
Answers
Answer:
B) a segment of DNA that is the basic unit of heredity
Explanation:
What is a gene:
a segment of DNA that is the basic unit of heredity
Unlike animals, plants continue to grow in their oldest stage of development. Which type of plant tissue produces new, undifferentiated cells?
epidermis
ground
meristematic
vascular
Answers
Answer: meristematic
Explanation:
Growth occurs throughout the plant's life, a process known as indeterminate growth. This indeterminate growth is possible because, unlike animals, plants have perpetually undifferentiated tissues called meristems. Read about plant meristems.
The process occurring at the sensory receptors that converts physical energy into coded neural activity that the nervous system can process is called __________. a. thermoreceptor processing b. cerebral cortex control c. sensory transduction d. accessory restructuring please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Answers
The process occurring at the sensory receptors that convert physical energy into coded neural activity that the nervous system can process is called c. sensory transduction
In the field of science, we can define sensory transduction as a process by which a change in the physical environment is recognized by the sensory receptors. This information is changed into electrical signals that are transported along the neurons. The neurons transmit these action potentials to the CNS which interprets it and sends signals for producing a response through the effector neurons.
The sensory receptors detect any kind of environmental change and the physical energy of the neurons changes into a neural activity that is initiated by the nervous system in recognition of this change by the sensory receptors.
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Essay
In a food web, energy is transferred from one level to the next. Describe what might happen in an ecosystem if the number of primary producers was dramatically reduced.
Answers
Answer:
from food web their are many eaters and subeaters so we can easily say energy will decrease when th e first one eat the other
Answer:
the primary consumers or herbivores which feed on the producers would die.
Explanation:
herbivores eat plants and if the plants reduce they will die
Splice sites the 3' splice site contains a gu, whereas the 5' splice site contains an ag. true or false
Answers
The following statement "Splice sites the 3' splice site contains a gu, whereas the 5' splice site contains an ag." is True.
The 3' splice site always contains the sequence AG|G, where | represents the site of cleavage, and the 5' splice site always contains the sequence G|U, where | represents the site of cleavage.
These sequences are highly conserved in eukaryotic genes, and mutations in these regions can lead to improper splicing and various diseases. The GU-AG rule for splice sites has been observed in all eukaryotes studied so far and is considered to be a fundamental aspect of eukaryotic gene expression.
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Which process makes a copy of a DNA
molecule?
A. mutation
B. replication
C. transcription
D. translation
Answers
Answer:
replication
Explanation:
makes cope of itself during cell division
example of natural selection
PLEASE HELP !!!!!!!
20 POINTS
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Skeletal Adaptations. Giraffes, lizards, and many other known species adapted to their environments through genetic changes to their skeletons. Coloration. Many species have been studied who've adapted to their environment through adaptions in coloring. Natural selection is the process in nature by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more than those less adapted to their environment. For example, treefrogs are sometimes eaten by snakes and birds. However, natural selection does not always go to the optimum. An example of variation is that I have a cat with black fur and one with yellow fur. Trait that can be PASSED DOWN to offspring through genes. Inherited characteristic that INCREASES an organism's chance of survival or reproduction in its environment.
What is the density (in g/mL) of a 5.00 mL urine sample from a patient suffering from symptoms resembling those of
diabetes mellitus if the mass of the urine sample is measured to be 5.025 g?
O 0.995 g/mL
O 0.9950 g/mL
O 1 g/mL
O 1.00 g/mL
O 1.01 g/mL
Answers
The density (in g/mL) of the urine sample is 1.005 g/mL.
Density of a urine sample
The density (in g/mL) of a 5.00 mL urine sample from a patient suffering from symptoms resembling those of diabetes mellitus if the mass of the urine sample is measured to be 5.025 g can be calculated as follows:
Mass of urine sample = 5.025 g
Volume of urine sample = 5.00 ml
Density of urine sample is defined as mass per unit volume. The formula for density is as follows:
Density = mass/volume
= 5.025 g/5.00 mL
= 1.005 g/mL
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how might a plant be affected if it lacked ground tissue
Answers
I’m orange, I wear a green hat and I sound like a parrot. What am I?
Answers
This is a carrot whose is in orange colour, wear green hat and sound like a parrot.
What are Vegetables?Vegetables are defined as those parts of plants that are consumed as food by humans or other animals where the original meaning is still commonly used and includes all edible plant parts including flowers, fruits, stems, leaves, roots, seeds in the case applied to plants collectively.
There are several types of vegetables which are as follows:
Leafy green – lettuce, spinach and silverbeet.Cruciferous – cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts and broccoli.Marrow – pumpkin, cucumber and zucchini.Root – potato, sweet potato and yam.Edible plant stem – celery and asparagus.Allium – onion, garlic and shallot.The carrot is the type of root vegetable which is typically orange in color, though purple, black, red, white, and yellow cultivars exist.
Thus, this is a carrot whose is in orange colour, wear green hat and sound like a parrot.
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What is natural selection?
O All of the populations of species in a habitat.
The parts of the ecosystem that cause a decline in population.
The process that causes an ecosystem to change and create new ecosystems.
O A process that allows a population to become better adapted for survival in a specific environment
Answers
A process that allows a population to become better adapted for survival in a specific environment
Hope I helped
Early defibrillation and the chain of survival in 'in-hospital' adult cardiac arrest; minutes count. True Or False
Answers
It is false that Early defibrillation and the chain of survival in 'in-hospital' adult cardiac arrest; minutes count.
Since ventricular fibrillation is the most common initial dysrhythmia of sudden cardiac arrest, defibrillation is the only treatment, and survival from ventricular fibrillation is determined by time, prompt defibrillation is critical.
There is ample evidence to support the significance of prompt defibrillation in the out-of-hospital setting and the impact of the "chain of survival." In the context of an "in-hospital" situation, recent resuscitation literature makes mention of the significance of prompt defibrillation. In-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation outcomes have not changed in reports. The significance of the "chain of survival" idea and the effect of early defibrillation on adult cardiac arrest survival in the hospital is demonstrated by the clinical data we present.
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An ecosystem will most likely remain stable if
Answers
Answer:
it preserved and resourcefully used
Answer: relationships between organisms and they must be dependent on one another.
Explanation: There must be balance between producers, consumers, .
drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the components of replicating dna strands.
Answers
The components of replicating DNA strands include the leading strand, the lagging strand, parental DNA, the replication fork, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase.
During DNA replication, the parental DNA molecule serves as a template for the creation of new DNA strands. The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the same direction as the replication fork, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in the opposite direction.
The replication fork is the point where the DNA strands separate and replication occurs. DNA polymerase is an enzyme that adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strands, matching them to the template strand. It also proofreads and corrects errors during replication.
On the leading strand, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides continuously in the 5' to 3' direction. However, on the lagging strand, DNA polymerase synthesizes short fragments called Okazaki fragments in the opposite direction. These fragments are later joined together by DNA ligase, forming a continuous DNA strand.
In summary, during DNA replication, the leading and lagging strands are synthesized using parental DNA as a template at the replication fork. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing strands, and DNA ligase connects the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. These processes ensure accurate replication of the genetic material.
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All of the following contribute to the overall structure of proteins exceptA. charge differences between R groupsB. disulfide bond formation between glycinesC. interactions between R groups and the environmentD. the N-H from the peptide backbone.E. the C=O groups from the peptide backbone
Answers
All of the following contribute to the overall structure of proteins except B. disulfide bond formation between glycines. The correct answer is B. Disulfide bond formation between glycines.
Disulfide bond formation between glycines does not contribute to the overall structure of proteins. However, disulfide bonds formed between cysteine residues do contribute to the structure of proteins.
On the other hand, the other options do contribute to the overall structure of proteins:
A. Charge differences between R groups: The presence of different charged side chains (R groups) of amino acids can influence protein folding and structure. Charged residues can interact with each other through electrostatic interactions, affecting the protein's conformation.
C. Interactions between R groups and the environment: The surrounding environment, including water molecules and other molecules, can interact with the R groups of amino acids. These interactions can have an impact on protein folding, stability, and function.
D. The N-H from the peptide backbone: The N-H groups in the peptide backbone form hydrogen bonds with the C=O groups of other amino acids in the backbone. These hydrogen bonds contribute to the formation of secondary structures like alpha helices and beta sheets, influencing the overall protein structure.
E. The C=O groups from the peptide backbone: The C=O groups in the peptide backbone also participate in hydrogen bonding interactions with other amino acids. These interactions, along with the N-H bonds, contribute to the overall stability and structure of proteins.
In summary, the correct answer is B. disulfide bond formation between glycines, as disulfide bonds do not typically involve glycine residues and are not directly related to their contribution to protein structure.
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Any change in a sequence of DNA is ...
A. a mutation.
B. mitosis.
C. a virus.
Answers
Answer:
A. Mutation
Explanation:
A change in the sequence of DNA would be best classified as a mutation. Mitosis refers to the reproduction of cells, and a virus is a foreign body that infects cells.
Answer:
A. Mutation
Explanation:
when you change DNA it causes mutations because they have been ruptured and many things could go wrong in your body, so stay away from x-rays and such because that can cause one. :)
A mutant bacterial cell has a defective aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that attaches a Lysine to tRNAs with the anticodon AAA instead of the normal Phenylalanine. The consequence of this for the cell will be that: O None of the proteins in the cell will contain phenylalanine O Proteins in the cell will include Lysine instead of phenylalanine at amino acid positions specified by the codon UUU O The cell will compensate for the defect by attaching both lysine and phenylalanine to tRNAs with lysine-specific anticodons O The ribosome will not attach any amino acid when it reaches a UUU codon O The cell will compensate for the defect by attaching phenylalanine to tRNAs with lysine-specific anticodons
Answers
A faulty aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase in a mutant bacterial cell adds a lysine to tRNAs with the anticodon AAA rather than the typical phenylalanine. The consequence of this for the cell will be that proteins in the cell will include lysine instead of phenylalanine at amino acid positions specified by the codon UUU.
The process by which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum generate proteins after the nucleus of the cell has converted DNA to RNA is known as translation. This entire process is known as gene expression.
Outside the nucleus, a ribosome decodes messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce a particular amino acid chain or polypeptide. The polypeptide subsequently folds into an active protein that serves cellular activities. The ribosome aids decoding by inducing complementary tRNA anticodon sequences to bind to mRNA codons. As the mRNA goes through and is "read" by the ribosome, the tRNAs carry particular amino acids that are linked together to form a polypeptide.
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En el hombre el color negro de los ojos “A” domina sobre el color azul “a” Una pareja en la que el hombre tiene los ojos negros y la mujer ojos azules tienen dos hijos, uno de ellos de ojos negros y el otro de ojos azules. Averiguar:
a) El genotipo del padre.
b) Realizar el cruzamiento.
c) Porcentaje genotípico de los hijos.
Answers
El enunciado hace referencia a un caso de herencia monogénica y dominancia completa para el rasgo 'color de ojos', donde el padre es heterocigota y la madre es homo-cigota recesivo.
Las respuestas a estas preguntas son:
a) Genotipo del padre: Aa (ojos negros)
b) Cruzamiento: Aa (padre) x aa (madre)
c) Frecuencias genotípicas esperadas: 1/2 Aa; 1/2 aa
En genética, dominancia completa se refiere al proceso de herencia en la cual un individuo heterocigota, es decir, el individuo que presenta dos alelos diferentes para el mismo gen, presenta el mismo fenotipo que un individuo homo-cigota para el alelo dominante (el alelo dominante es aquel que enmascara la expresión del alelo recesivo en individuos heterocigotas).
En este caso, el carácter 'color de ojos' presenta un patrón de herencia monogénica, donde el alelo 'A' dominante codifica para el rasgo fenotípico ojos negros, mientras que el alelo 'a' recesivo codifica para el rasgo fenotípico ojos azules.
En el ejemplo, la pareja tuvo progenie en la cual uno de los hijos presenta el rasgo recesivo ojos claros, y por lo tanto el padre debe ser heterocigota y poseer un alelo recesivo 'a'; mientras que la madre expresa el fenotipo recesivo y por lo tanto su genotipo es 'aa'. En consecuencia, el cruzamiento de un padre heterozigota 'Aa' con una madre homo-cigota recesivo 'aa' producirá una descendencia con una frecuencia genotípica esperada de 1/2 (50%) de hijos con ojos 'color negro' de genotipo Aa y 1/2 (50%) de hijos con ojos 'color celelste' de genotipo aa >>
Cruzamiento: Aa (padre) x aa (madre)
Gametos padre: 1/2 A; 1/2 a
Gametos madre: 100% a
Cuadro de Punett (combinaciones gaméticas):
A a
a Aa aa
a Aa aa
En consecuencia, este cruzamiento producirá 50% individuos ojos color negro (genotipo Aa) y 50% individuos con ojos color celelste (genotipo aa)
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