Find a quantitative expression for the thermal equilibrium concentration n = n* = n in theparticle-antiparticle reaction A + A = 0 (For example, electron and hole). Let the mass of either particle be M and spin of the particles are 1/2. The minimum energy release when At combineswith A is A. Take the zero of the energy scales as the energy with no particles present.
Answers
The quantitative expression for the thermal equilibrium concentration of particles and anti particles in the A + A → 0 reaction. It can also be written as
n \(= \sqrt{((Mc^2 - A)/(2kV))}\) .
In thermal equilibrium, the rate of particle-anti particle extinction.(A + A → 0) must equal the rate of production (0 → A + A). This means that the concentration of particles (n) and the concentration of anti particles (n*) must be related by the equation.
Relation is provided below:
k₁ n² = k₂ n*²
where k₁ and k₂ are the reaction rate constants for the extinction of reactant and production reactions, respectively. In thermal equilibrium, these rate constants must be equal, so we can set k₁= k₂ = k.
Now, since we are dealing with particles of spin 1/2, the total number of particles is conserved modulous 2. This means that if there are N particles of type A present, there must also be N anti particles of type A present, and vice versa. Therefore, we can write:
n = n* = \(\frac{N}{V}\)
where N is the total number of particles of type A and V is the volume of the system.
Using this expression for n in the equation for thermal equilibrium, we get:
\(k (N/V)^2 = k (N/V)^2\)
which is satisfied for any value of N and V. However, the physical constraint is that the total energy of the system must be conserved. In this case, the minimum energy release when A combines with A to form 0 is A. Thus, the total energy of the system with N particles and N anti particles is given by:
\(E = N(Mc^2 - A)\)
where \(Mc^2\) is the rest mass energy of a single particle and A is the minimum energy release in the reaction.
In thermal equilibrium, the system must be at the lowest possible energy state. This means that the concentration of particles and anti particles must be such that the total energy E is minimized. Taking the derivative of E with respect to N and setting it to zero, we get:
\(dE/dN = Mc^2 - A - 2k(N/V)^2 = 0\)
Solving for N/V, we get:
\(N/V = \sqrt{((Mc^2 - A)/(2k))}\)
Substituting our expression for n = n*= N/V, we get:
n \(= \sqrt{((Mc^2 - A)/(2kV))}\)
This is the quantitative expression for the thermal equilibrium concentration of particles and anti particles in the A + A → 0 reaction.
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Related Questions
adjectives for the word probable are......
A anticipated
B foreseeable
C expected
D all of the above
Answers
the answer for the question is D. all of the above
what cause the death of stars？
Answers
Most stars take millions of years to die. When a star like the Sun has burned all of its hydrogen fuel, it expands to become a red giant then when it fully runs out it then dies
Answer:
. When the core runs out of hydrogen fuel, it will contract under the weight of gravity.
Explanation:
Jeremy hypothesized that adults with blue eyes are shorter than adults with brown eyes. He collected data by visiting all of the teachers in his school and found that his hypothesis was false. Should Jeremy consider his hypothesis useful?
A.
Yes; now he knows that the exact opposite of his hypothesis must be true.
B.
Yes; a false hypothesis gives a scientist new information to use.
C.
No; a false hypothesis makes a scientist look silly.
D.
No; false hypotheses are a waste of time.
Answers
Answer: B. Yes; a false hypothesis gives a scientist new information to use.
Explanation:
Let us take a look and break down all the question's answer options.
✗ A.
Yes; now he knows that the exact opposite of his hypothesis must be true.
➜ This is not the case. He must look at this data and decide what is true.
✓B.
Yes; a false hypothesis gives a scientist new information to use.
➜ Yes! We learn from our research and looking back at our hypothesis.
✗ C.
No; a false hypothesis makes a scientist look silly.
➜ This isn't true. You cannot expect to be right all the time, and scientists make incorrect hypotheses frequently.
✗ D.
No; false hypotheses are a waste of time.
➜ Tying back into B and C, this isn't true. We learn from comparing our hypotheses with our data.
A cyclist travels at 15 m/s during a sprint finish. What is this speed in km/h
Answers
Answer:
54 km/hr
Explanation:
m/s to km/hr => 18/5
15 m/s to km/hr => 15 x 18/5 =>3 x 18 => 54km/hr
38) In an inelastic collision, what quantities are conserved?
Answers
Inelastic collision, the momentum before and after the collision and the total energy of the system remains conserved.
5 points
1. A rubber-band-powered toy car is loaded by pushing it backward until
the rubber band inside is stretched tight. The child lets it go and the
rubber band turns the wheel, accelerating the car. The force that the
rubber band exerts on the axle is calle... *
O A. Applied Force
B. Electromagnetic Force
C. Gravitational Force
D. Elastic Force
Answers
Answer:
D. Elastic force
Explanation:
Force of elasticity
A ball is kicked off of a roof at 23 m/s [R 25° U]. What is the height of
the building if it lands 2.8 s later?
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Considering the fact that we ave been given an angle of inclination here, we best use it! That means that the velocity of 23 m/s is actually NOT the velocity we need; I tell my students that it is a "blanket" velocity but is not accurate in either the x or the y dimension of parabolic motion. In order to find the actual velocity in the dimension in which we are working, which is the y-dimension, we use the formula:
\(v_{0y}=v_0sin\theta\) and filling in:
\(v_{0y}=23sin(25)\) which gives us an upwards velocity of 9.7 m/s. So here's what we have to work with in its entirety:
\(v_{0y}=9.7m/s\)
a = -9.8 m/s/s
t = 2.8 seconds
Δx = ?? m
The one-dimensional motion equation that utilizes all of these variables is
Δx = \(v_0t+\frac{1}{2}at^2\) and filling in:
Δx = \(9.7(2.8)+\frac{1}{2}(-9.8)(2.8)^2\) I am going to do the math according to the correct rules of significant digits, so to the left of the + sign and to 2 sig fig, we have
Δx = 27 + \(\frac{1}{2}(-9.8)(2.8)^2\) and then to the right of the + sign and to 2 significant digits we have
Δx = 27 - 38 so
Δx = -11 meters. Now, we all know that distance is not a negative value, but what this negative number tells us is that the ball fell 11 meters BELOW the point from which it was kicked, which is the same thing as being kicked from a building that is 11 meters high.
What is thermal energy
Answers
Answer:
Thermal Energy. Thermal energy is the internal energy of an object due to the kinetic energy of its atoms and/or molecules. The atoms and/or molecules of a hotter object have greater kinetic energy than those of a colder one, in the form of vibrational, rotational, or, in the case of a gas, translational motion.
Explanation:
when two identical parallel-plate capacitors are connected in series, which of the following is true of the equivalent capacitance? (a) it depends on the charge on each capacitor. (b) it depends on the potential difference across both capacitors. (c) it is larger than the capacitance of each capacitor. (d) it is smaller than the capacitance of each capacitor. (e) it is the same as the capacitance of each capacitor.
Answers
It is less than what each capacitor's capacitance is. Similar to parallel resistors, the equivalent capacitance in series is computed using reciprocals. in a capacitance that is comparable to but smaller.
How are capacitances defined?The ability of an electrical current flowing or group of conductors to hold a certain amount of separate electrical current in response to a given shift in the electrical potential is known as capacitance. The term "capacitance" also suggests the storage of electricity.
What are unit and capacitance?The English physicist or scientist Micheal Faraday gave a farad (abbreviated F) its name as the unit of electromagnetic capacitance. The proportion of a charge Q contained in a capacitor to the supplied direct current voltage is known as its capacitance C.
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Bob walks to Jack's house. He walks 900 meters East then realizes that he walked too far. He turns around and walks 300 meters West. The entire walk takes him 15 seconds. What was his speed per second?
Answers
Bob's average speed was 80 m/s.
His average velocity was 40 m/s East.
The magnitude of his velocity was almost 4 times as fast as Usain Bolt's world record in the 100 meters, or about 89 mph. His speed was double that.
at strut intersection headed eastbound, atc instructs you to hold west on the 10 dme fix west of lch on v306, standard turns. what entry procedure is recommended? a. teardrop. b. direct. c. parallel.
Answers
ATC directs you to hold west on the 10 DME fix west of ICH on v306 at the strut intersection while travelling eastward. The standard turns direct entrance technique is advised.
Timing is initiated for the hold entry over/crossing the fix outbound in the entry. Here's when "over" enters the picture—on the first entry outbound. Timing begins when behind the fix on the outbound leg once the hold has been established. A STAR is an ATC-coded IFR arrival route that was created for use by IFR aircraft arriving at specific airports. The pilot-in-command must immediately contact ATC and obtain a revised clearance if the emergency authority of 14 CFR Section 91.3(b) is used to vary from the terms of an ATC clearance. You should decline the clearance and ask for a modified clearance if you receive ATC instructions that you believe could endanger safety or cause you to break a FAR. Take any quick, logical action necessary to maintain the safety of your aircraft.
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Find the electric field generated inside and outside a spherical shell of radius a when the charge is uniformly distributed in the spherical shell with areal density σ
Answers
Inside the shell (r < a): Electric field E = 0.
Outside the shell (r > a): Electric field \(E = \frac{\sigma}{\varepsilon_0 r}\), where σ is the areal charge density and ε₀ is the vacuum permittivity.
To find the electric field generated inside and outside a spherical shell with a uniform charge distribution, we can use Gauss's Law.
Inside the spherical shell (r < a):Inside the shell, the electric field is zero because the net charge enclosed by any Gaussian surface within the shell is zero. Therefore, the electric field inside the shell is 0.
Outside the spherical shell (r > a):To find the electric field outside the shell, we consider a Gaussian surface in the form of a concentric sphere of radius r, where r > a.
According to Gauss's Law, the electric flux through a closed Gaussian surface is proportional to the charge enclosed by the surface. Mathematically, it can be expressed as:
∮ E · dA = (Q_enclosed) / ε₀,
where ∮ E · dA represents the electric flux through the Gaussian surface, Q_enclosed is the charge enclosed by the surface, and ε₀ is the vacuum permittivity (a constant).
For the Gaussian surface outside the shell (r > a), the entire charge Q (uniformly distributed in the shell) is enclosed.
The charge Q enclosed by the Gaussian surface is the product of the areal charge density σ and the surface area of the Gaussian surface.
Q_enclosed = σ * (4πr²).
Using Gauss's Law, we can rewrite the equation as:
\(E * (4\pi r^2) = \frac{\sigma * (4\pi r^2)}{\epsilon_0}\).
Simplifying the equation:
\(E=\frac{\sigma}{\epsilon_0r}\).
Therefore, the electric field outside the spherical shell (r > a) is given by:
\(E = \frac{\sigma}{\varepsilon_0 r}\).
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1. One of the lines of the spectral series that occurs in the visible range has a wavelength of 434 nm (Hint: n 0
=2, series limit =364:4 nm). (a) What is the name of this series? (b) What are the next higher and the next lower (adjacent) frequencies in this series? (c) What are the energies of these next higher and next lower (adjacent) frequencies?
Answers
The name of the series is Balmer series.(b) The next higher frequency in this series is 486 nm, and the next lower (adjacent) frequency is 410 nm.(c) The energies of these next higher and next lower (adjacent) frequencies .
The energy of the next higher frequency is 2.54 eV, and the energy of the next lower (adjacent) frequency is 3.03 eV.How did I get to the main answer?The question is asking for the spectral series that occurs in the visible range and has a wavelength of 434 nm. The spectral line belongs to the Balmer series.
The Balmer series occurs in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum when an electron transitions from the n=2 energy level to the n=3 or greater energy level. For part (b), we can use the formula for the Balmer series wavelength (1/λ):1/λ = R [1/nf^2 - 1/ni^2]where R is the Rydberg constant (1.097 × 10^7 m^-1), nf is the final energy level, and ni is the initial energy level.
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Using the information in the introduction, complete a simple circuit and sketch it below, labeling each individual component according to its value as verified by the multimeter. (The instructor may want a picture of the circuit and multimeter readings.).
Answers
The circuit consists of two main components, a 9V battery and a 100Ω resistor.
What is component?A component is a part or element of a larger system. In computing, components are pieces of software that have a well-defined interface and provide a specific service or function. Components are often modular, meaning they can be reused in different applications or systems. They are also meant to be extensible, making it easier to add additional features or modify existing ones.
The circuit is sketched below, with the 9V battery connected to the resistor, and the resistor connected back to the negative terminal of the battery. The multimeter is used to verify the values of the components, with the battery voltage being measured at 9V and the resistor resistance being measured at 100Ω.
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A sub marine is 40cm below seawater of density 1020kg/m3.If the atmospheric pressure at the place is 103,000pa,calculate the total pressure acting on the submarinea .
Answers
The total pressure acting on the submarine is approximately 106,993.6 Pa.
To calculate the total pressure acting on the submarine, we need to consider both the pressure due to the depth of the seawater and the atmospheric pressure.
The pressure due to the depth of the seawater can be calculated using the formula:
Pressure = density × gravity × depth
where density is the density of the seawater, gravity is the acceleration due to gravity, and depth is the depth of the submarine below the seawater.
Given:
Density of seawater = 1020 kg/m³
Depth of submarine below seawater = 40 cm = 0.4 m
Acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s²
Pressure due to the depth of the seawater = 1020 kg/m³ × 9.8 m/s² × 0.4 m = 3993.6 Pa
Next, we need to consider the atmospheric pressure, which is given as 103,000 Pa.
To find the total pressure acting on the submarine, we need to add the pressure due to the depth of the seawater to the atmospheric pressure:
Total pressure = Atmospheric pressure + Pressure due to depth of seawaterTotal pressure = 103,000 Pa + 3,993.6 Pa
Therefore, the total pressure acting on the submarine is approximately 106,993.6 Pa.
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Places on earth where most of the earthquakes originated or some mountains and
volcanoes were formed mark the boundaries of each ____________plate.
Answers
Answer:
techtonic
Explanation:
. a 20.0 hz, 16.0 v source produces a 2.00 ma current when connected to a capacitor. what is the capacitance?
Answers
The capacitance of the capacitor is 9.95 × 10^-7 F, or approximately 1 µF.
We can use the formula for capacitive reactance (Xc) to find the capacitance (C):
Xc = 1 / (2πfC)
where f is the frequency of the source, and C is the capacitance of the capacitor.
First, we need to convert the current to amperes (A) from milliamperes (mA):
2.00 mA = 0.002 A
Now we can plug in the given values into the formula and solve for C:
Xc = V / I
where V is the voltage of the source.
Xc = 16 V / 0.002 A = 8,000 Ω
Now we can rearrange the formula for capacitive reactance to solve for the capacitance:
C = 1 / (2πfXc)
C = 1 / (2π × 20.0 Hz × 8,000 Ω) = 9.95 × 10^-7 F
Therefore, the capacitance of the capacitor is 9.95 × 10^-7 F, or approximately 1 µF.
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if the frequency of an electromagnetic wave decreases, does the number of wave peaks passing by you increase, decrease, or stay the same?
Answers
Answer:
Below
Explanation:
For electromagnetic waves
freq * wavelength = k where k = 3 x 10^8 m/s
so if f goes down, then wavelength will have to increase
a longer wavelength means fewer passing by
What happens when you want to move the boat forward? You pull the oars toward yourself.Explain why you do this.
Answers
Answer:
You pull on the oars. By the third law, the oars push back on your hands, but that’s irrelevant to the motion of the boat. The other end of each oar (the blade) pushes against the water. By the third law, the water pushes back on the oars, pushing the boat forward.
A person uses a screwdriver to turn a screw and insert it into a piece of wood. The person applies a force of 20 newtons to the screwdriver and turns the handle of the screwdriver a total distance of 0.5 meter. How would these numbers be different if the person inserted a nail with a hammer instead of the screw with the screwdriver?
A. The force applied would be greater, but the distance would be shorter.
B. The force applied would be less, but the distance would be greater.
C. The force applied would be the same, but the distance would be shorter.
D. The force applied would be the same, but the distance would be greater.
Answers
If the person inserted a nail with a hammer instead of the screw with the screwdriver, the force applied would be greater, but the distance would be shorter. The correct option is A.
What is force?The action of push or pull in order to make a body change its state of motion or rest is called Force.
As the force is pressure per unit area. Force is inversely proportional to the area over which force is to applied.
The hammer would take more force to insert the nail. The screw has its helix which is to be inserted and application of force is small.
Thus, the force applied would be greater, but the distance would be shorter. The correct option is A.
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t if the person inserted a nail with a hammer instead of the screw with the screwdriver?
A 1.80-kg block is suspended from a spring with a spring constant of 220.0 N/m. A 0.060-kg bullet is fired into the block from directly below with a speed of 270.0 m/s and is embedded in the block. (A) Find the amplitude of the subsequent motion. (B) What fraction of the original kinetic energy of the bullet appears as mechanical energy in the system of block-spring-bullet?
Answers
The fraction of the original kinetic energy of the bullet appears as mechanical energy in the system of block-spring-bullet is 0.72 m.
Amplitude=0.72 m
KE of system=0.5*(1.8+0.06)*8.7^2=70.39 j
Conservation of momentum
0.06*270=(1.8+0.06)*v
v=8.7 m/s
conservation energy
0.5*(1.8+0.06)*8.7^2=0.5*220*x^2+(1.8+0.06)*9.81*x
x=0.72 m
Amplitude=0.72 m
Original KE of bullet = 0.5*0.06*270^2=2187j
KE of system = 0.5*(1.8+0.06)*8.7^2=70.39 j
Amplitude in physics is stated to be the maximum displacement or distance that is moved by a factor on a body that is vibrating or wave measured from its equilibrium role.
As the pendulum swings through its equilibrium point (straight down), it swings to a maximum distance away from the center.
The amplitude of a wave is related to the amount of energy it includes. An excessive amplitude wave consists of a massive amount of power; a low amplitude wave consists of a small quantity of strength. Amplitude and intensity are associated, but not equal.
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Select the correct sequence of steps for lighting a Bunsen burner?
A. Apply the spark above the barrel of the Bunsen burner.
B. Open the gas adjustment at the base of the Bunsen burner.
C. Connect the burner hose to the gas outlet.
D. Open the gas valve on the gas outlet
D. C, A, B
C, A, D, B
C, D, A, B
C, D, B, A
Answers
Answer:
CDBA
Explanation:
Just did it on Study island
The correct sequence of steps for lighting a Bunsen burner would be C, D, B, A, therefore the correct answer is option D.
What is thermal energy?Thermal energy sometimes referred to as heat energy, may be described as the type of energy in which heat is transmitted from one body to another body as a result of their molecular motions.
The following would be the proper procedure for lighting a Bunsen burner:
Link the gas outlet and the burner hose.
The gas output valve should be opened.
Open the Bunsen burner's base-mounted gas adjustment valve.
The Bunsen burner's barrel should be covered with the spark.
Thus, the right response is option D since the proper stages to ignite a Bunsen burner are C, D, B, and A.
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It’s at the center of gravity and you can find it in venus, but not mars. What is it?.
Answers
The center of gravity of Venus and Mars is not affected by specific features like the equatorial bulge. The center of gravity is a fundamental concept related to the overall mass distribution and gravitational forces within a celestial body.
The term "center of gravity" refers to the point in an object where the total weight is evenly distributed and the object can balance. In the context of the question, the term suggests that there is a specific object or feature that is found at the center of gravity of Venus but not Mars.
The answer to the question is the Venusian "central bulge" or "equatorial bulge." Venus is a planet that rotates on its axis, causing it to flatten slightly at the poles and bulge at the equator. This bulge creates an uneven distribution of mass, resulting in a different center of gravity compared to Mars.
The central bulge of Venus is caused by the planet's slow rotation and its thick atmosphere. The dense atmosphere exerts pressure on the planet's surface, contributing to the equatorial bulge. In contrast, Mars has a thinner atmosphere and a slower rotation, which does not result in a significant central bulge.
To summarize, the feature that is found at the center of gravity on Venus but not on Mars is the equatorial bulge or central bulge caused by Venus' rotation and atmosphere.
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1. The electromagnetic waves described in the reading are different in which two ways:
frequency and amplitude
B wavelength and frequency
wavelength and crests
D frequency and velocity
arting would require a stopwatch to measure?
Answers
Answer:
D is the answer
Explanation:
But do u know if im right test it out then surprise
The electromagnetic waves described in the reading are different in two ways, and that is Frequency and velocity. Hence, option D is correct.
What are electromagnetic waves?A magnetic field and an electric field vibrate together to produce electromagnetic waves, often known as EM waves. In other terms, magnetic and electric fields that are oscillating make up electromagnetic waves (EM).
When a magnetic field and an electric field interact, electromagnetic waves are created. The term "electromagnetic waves" is used to describe them. An electromagnetic wave has an electric field and a magnetic field that are perpendicular to one another. They are likewise perpendicular to the EM wave's direction.
The wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic waves vary. Electromagnetic waves with longer wavelengths have lower frequencies, whereas those with shorter wavelengths have higher frequencies. Waves at higher frequencies carry more power. A wave's wavelength and frequency together determine its speed.
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Which statement describes one of Wegener's ideas that contributed to the theory of continental drift?
Answers
Answer:
Over tens of millions of years, the giant supercontinent Pangaea began to slowly drift apart, forming the continents as they are known today.
Explanation:
i took the active
Answer:
the continents were once connected as one landmass.
Explanation:
right on edge 2022
An iron rod with an initial length of 12.64 m has its temperature raised from 9o C to 38.10o C. If iron has a coefficient of thermal expansion of 12x10-6 1/oC, what is the change in length of the rod in mm?
Answers
We will have the following:
First, we remember that:
\(\Delta L=\alpha\ast L_0\ast\Delta T\)So:
\(\begin{gathered} \Delta L=(12\ast10^{-6}1/C)(12.64m)(38.1C-9C)\Rightarrow\Delta L=4.413888\ast10^{-3}m \\ \\ \Rightarrow\Delta L\approx4.41mm \end{gathered}\)So, the change in length of the rod is approximately 4.41 mm.
You drop a bowling ball and a basketball from the roof of a two story building. Which will reach the ground first? (Ignoring Air Resistance)
Answers
In a given region of the fluid, the flow velocity has components.
V₁ = A(x²+x1x2)ekt, v₂ = A(xx2+x3)ekt, V3 = 0 where A and k are constants. Use carrier-derived materials
Answers
The flow velocity of a fluid can be described by its three components: V₁, V₂, and V₃. In this case, V₁ and V₂ are functions of the spatial coordinates x₁, x₂, and x₃, as well as time t.
The coefficients A and k are constants that determine the magnitude and rate of change of the flow velocity.
The component V₁ has a quadratic dependence on x₁ and x₂, and an exponential dependence on time with a rate constant k. The component V₂ has a linear and quadratic dependence on x₁ and x₃, respectively, and also an exponential dependence on time with the same rate constant k.
Finally, the component V₃ is constant and has no dependence on the spatial coordinates or time.
This type of flow velocity is often encountered in fluid mechanics, and can be used to model the flow of fluids in various applications, such as in pipes or over surfaces. The behavior of the fluid can be analyzed using mathematical techniques such as partial differential equations, which allow for the prediction of the flow patterns and characteristics.
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Janayah runs 200 yards in 40 seconds. How fast is she running
Answers
Answer:
She is running 5 yards a second Or 300 yards a minute
Explanation:
Divide 200 by 40 to get the rate of speed in seconds
Answer:
≈ 10.23mph
Explanation:
1760yrds in 1 mile
200yrds to miles is:
200/1760 = .1136miles
3600sec in 1 hr
40sec to hours is:
40/3600 = .011111hrs
Now we find her speed in miles per hour:
.1136mi/.01111hrs ≈ 10.23mph
What can you conclude if the distance you pull a pulley rope equals the distance a refrigerator is lifted off the floor?
Select one:
a. The force advantage of the pulley is 1.
b. It takes as much force to lift the refrigerator using a pulley as it takes if you don't use the pulley.
c. The effort force equals lifting force.
d. All of the above.
Answers
Answer:
answer D i just got off this question
Explanation: