Human-Centered Design Principles (20 points) We learned the following human-centered design in our class. Answer the following questions. Principles • Principle 1.1 Select People to fit their machines and jobs. • Principle 1.3 Overcome human limitations, so those limitations do not become system limitations. • Principle 1.4 Be sure that the problem identified is the right problem and that it is formulated correctly. • Principle 1.7 Query human operators about their dissatisfaction to see if it is caused by (a) a need to "feel in control," (b) a desire for achieving self-satisfaction in task performance, or ease of use. • Principle 1.14 Involve personnel in planning and implementing the changes from both a system-wide and individual perspective, with particular emphasis on making the implementation process minimally disruptive. (a) Write one successful example for the above five principles. (b) Write one failure example for each of the above five principles.

(a) Successful Examples for the Human-Centered Design Principles:

Principle 1.1:

Select People to fit their machines and jobs.

Successful Example:

In a manufacturing company, ergonomic assessments are conducted to ensure that employees are assigned to tasks and provided with machinery that matches their physical capabilities and skills.

This helps improve productivity and reduces the risk of work-related injuries.

Principle 1.3:

Overcome human limitations so those limitations do not become system limitations.

Successful Example:

In the development of a mobile banking application, designers consider the cognitive limitations of users by incorporating clear and intuitive navigation, minimizing the number of steps required for transactions, and providing user-friendly error messages.

This approach helps users overcome cognitive limitations and ensures a smooth and efficient banking experience.

Principle 1.4:

Be sure that the problem identified is the right problem and that it is formulated correctly.

Successful Example:

When designing a customer support system, a company conducts extensive user research and gathers feedback to accurately identify the main pain points and challenges faced by customers.

This ensures that the problem addressed in the design process aligns with the actual needs and expectations of the users.

Principle 1.7:

Query human operators about their dissatisfaction to see if it is caused by

(a) a need to "feel in control,"

(b) a desire for achieving self-satisfaction in task performance, or ease of use.

Successful Example:

In a software development project, user interviews and surveys are conducted to understand user dissatisfaction with the existing system.

The feedback reveals that users feel a lack of control and desire more flexibility in customizing the interface.

Based on this input, the new system is designed to provide users with customizable features and options, empowering them to have greater control over their tasks.

Principle 1.14:

Involve personnel in planning and implementing changes from both a system-wide and individual perspective, with particular emphasis on making the implementation process minimally disruptive.

Successful Example:

During the implementation of a new project management tool, the organization involves employees at different levels by conducting training sessions, providing clear communication about the benefits and objectives of the tool, and soliciting feedback and suggestions for improvement.

This inclusive approach ensures a smoother transition, reduces resistance to change, and maximizes the system's adoption and effectiveness.

(b) Failure Examples for the Human-Centered Design Principles:

Principle 1.1:

Select People to fit their machines and jobs.

Failure Example:

Assigning physically demanding tasks to employees without considering their physical capabilities can lead to an increased risk of injuries and reduced productivity.

For instance, assigning heavy lifting tasks to employees with existing back problems could exacerbate their condition and result in decreased performance.

Principle 1.3:

Overcome human limitations so those limitations do not become system limitations.

Failure Example:

Designing a complex software system with intricate navigation and technical jargon, assuming users will adapt, can lead to usability issues.

Users with limited technical knowledge may struggle to understand the system, resulting in errors, frustration, and reduced efficiency.

Principle 1.4:

Be sure that the problem identified is the right problem and that it is formulated correctly.

Failure Example:

Addressing a symptom of a larger underlying problem without correctly identifying the root cause can lead to ineffective solutions.

For instance, focusing on improving customer response time without addressing the underlying communication breakdown within the organization may not lead to sustainable improvements.

Principle 1.7: Query human operators about their dissatisfaction to see if it is caused by

(a) a need to "feel in control,"

(b) a desire for achieving self-satisfaction in task performance, or ease of use.

Failure Example:

Ignoring user feedback and dismissing their dissatisfaction as subjective can lead to a disregard for user needs

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(a) Successful examples of the following Human-Centered Design Principles are given below:

Principle 1.1 Select People to fit their machines and jobs:

Choosing someone to operate a complex piece of machinery based on their experience and comfort level, as well as their ability to learn how to operate it.

Principle 1.3 Overcome human limitations, so those limitations do not become system limitations:

In order to minimize human error, the pharmaceutical industry now uses technology that controls and monitors the compounding and dispensing of medication.

Principle 1.4 Be sure that the problem identified is the right problem and that it is formulated correctly:

A team of researchers designed a new system that could detect the presence of an explosive chemical on a passenger's clothes with minimal intrusion. The team's focus was on developing an effective, easy-to-use system that could be implemented in a busy airport environment.

Principle 1.7 Query human operators about their dissatisfaction to see if it is caused by (a) a need to "feel in control," (b) a desire for achieving self-satisfaction in task performance, or ease of use:

A hospital developed a new software program that included a user-friendly interface, which helped nurses and physicians to monitor patient data, administer medication, and update patient charts

Principle 1.14 Involve personnel in planning and implementing the changes from both a system-wide and individual perspective, with particular emphasis on making the implementation process minimally disruptive:

A well-known automotive company involved its assembly-line workers in the design and implementation of a new ergonomic workstation system to reduce injury and improve production efficiency.

(b) Unsuccessful examples of the following Human-Centered Design Principles are given below:

Principle 1.1 Select People to fit their machines and jobs:

Selecting the wrong person for the job, such as hiring an inexperienced crane operator, is a typical example of disregarding this principle.

Principle 1.3 Overcome human limitations, so those limitations do not become system limitations:

A new computer program that was intended to improve customer service, ended up causing more problems than it solved. The program was unable to account for certain variables that are necessary to provide effective customer service.

Principle 1.4 Be sure that the problem identified is the right problem and that it is formulated correctly:

A water treatment plant installed a new filtration system to remove iron from the water supply. However, instead of removing the iron from the water, the system exacerbated the problem.

Principle 1.7 Query human operators about their dissatisfaction to see if it is caused by (a) a need to "feel in control," (b) a desire for achieving self-satisfaction in task performance, or ease of use:

The new product was designed to make life easier for the user but did not consider the user's true needs. As a result, the user found the product to be unsatisfactory and difficult to use.

Principle 1.14 Involve personnel in planning and implementing the changes from both a system-wide and individual perspective, with particular emphasis on making the implementation process minimally disruptive:

A new system was implemented without considering the impact it would have on the people who used it. This resulted in a great deal of confusion and frustration among staff members.

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