in general, descriptive study designs do not provide adequate evidence to satisfy hill's criteria of temporality.
Answers
Descriptive study designs, in general, may not provide sufficient evidence to satisfy Hill's criteria of temporality.
Hill's criteria of temporality is one of the key principles in establishing a causal relationship between an exposure and an outcome. It states that the cause (exposure) must precede the effect (outcome) in time. Descriptive study designs, such as cross-sectional studies or case reports, primarily focus on describing the characteristics or prevalence of a particular phenomenon at a given point in time. These study designs do not typically establish temporal relationships between variables, as they lack the ability to examine the sequence of events or establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
To satisfy Hill's criteria of temporality, longitudinal study designs, such as cohort studies or randomized controlled trials, are often more appropriate. These designs follow participants over time, allowing researchers to observe exposures and outcomes at different points and establish the temporal sequence between them. By comparing groups with and without exposure, longitudinal designs provide a stronger basis for inferring causality and meeting Hill's criterion of temporality.
While descriptive studies play a crucial role in generating hypotheses and providing initial insights, they may not provide the robust evidence needed to establish the temporal relationship required to meet Hill's criteria of temporality. Additional research utilizing more rigorous study designs is often necessary to draw causal conclusions.
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Related Questions
Which describes the qualifications for someone in Law Enforcement Services?
juggling multiple tasks, communication skills for interviewing people, and confidence in challenging suspicious people
knowledgg of laws and procedures, accuracy when preparing legal documents, and integrity
communication skills for working with prisoners, ability to use handcuffs, self-control for working with angry people
social awareness and communication skills, first-aid skills, and knowledge of law and procedures
Answers
Answer:
D. social awareness and communication skills, first-aid skills, and knowledge of law and procedures
Explanation:
Took The Testin a group discussion, which describes one of the primary purposes of synthesizing claims and evidence? a. to create new understanding  b. to provide an organized structure
Answers
To create new understanding in a group discussion, describes one of the primary purposes of synthesizing claims and evidence.
One of the primary purposes of synthesizing claims and evidence is to create new points for discussion and grant insight for the group.
Synthesizing claims requires analytic reading and thinking in order to compare unlike material, highlighting similarities, differences, and affiliation. When writers unify successfully, they present new ideas based on clarification of other evidence or arguments.
Evidence and synthesis claims is a type of research method that permits researchers to bring together all applicable information on a research question.
Evidence and synthesis claims begins with evolving a synthesis question based on a health policy concern or trouble.
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Use the arrows to walk up to Sacred Rock, then describe what you see
Answers
Answer:
huh?
Explanation:
huh?
A consensus sequence identifies the base occurring most often at each position in the set of sequences. (a) Write out the consensus sequence of this (the nontemplate) strand. In any position where the base can't be determined, put a dash. (b) Which provides more information-the consensus sequence or the sequence logo? What is lost in the less informative method?
Answers
(a) A consensus sequence requires a set of sequences to be determined. (b) A sequence logo is more informative than a consensus sequence, the frequency and distribution of bases, which are lost in the consensus sequence.
In bioinformatics, a consensus sequence is a representation of the most frequent nucleotide (or amino acid) base at each position in a set of aligned sequences. The consensus sequence can be used to identify common elements or motifs among the sequences, and to infer the likely ancestral sequence.
In cases where a base cannot be determined, a dash is usually used to indicate that position. A sequence logo is a graphical representation of the consensus sequence that also displays the frequency and distribution of the bases at each position.
Sequence logos are more informative than simple consensus sequences because they provide a more detailed view of the sequence, including the relative frequency of each base and the degree of variability at each position. The less informative method of using consensus sequences loses information about the frequency and distribution of the bases, making it less useful for many types of analysis.
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the loss of the internet could have major impact on: _____
Answers
Various aspects of society. The loss of the internet could have major impacts on various aspects of society.
The internet has become a crucial infrastructure that permeates many facets of modern life. Therefore, its loss would have significant implications across different domains. The impact of losing the internet could affect communication, commerce, education, information access, and even governance. Communication systems heavily rely on the internet, so its absence would disrupt global connectivity and the ability to communicate instantaneously. E-commerce and online businesses would suffer severe setbacks, impacting trade and economic activities. Education, which increasingly relies on digital platforms, would face challenges in delivering online learning and accessing educational resources. Information access and sharing would be hindered, affecting research, news dissemination, and collaboration. Furthermore, governmental operations, including public services and data management, would face disruptions. The loss of the internet would have far-reaching consequences, highlighting its critical role in today's interconnected world.
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question 12 can be seen as a natural tendency to do something else while waiting for a reinforcer. a. classical conditioning b. adjunctive behavior c. elicited behavior d. operant behavior
Answers
Adjunctive behavior can be seen as a natural tendency to do something else while waiting for a reinforcer. The correct option is b.
When an animal exhibits an action that consistently follows another response that a stimulus has elicited, this is known as adjunctive behavior. This is especially true when the stimulus is provided in accordance with a predetermined schedule.
The phrase "adjunctive behavior" is used in operant conditioning to refer to actions that result from an intermittent reinforcement schedule. People may engage in other behaviors to pass the time or get through boredom as they wait for the next reinforcer when there are pauses in the supply of reinforcers.
Thus, the ideal selection is option b.
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I AM GIVING 100 POINTS FOR THIS QUESTION
Citizens are required to be?
A. Born in the United States
B. Involved in the military
C. Loyal to the federal government
D. Members of a charitable organization
I know B and D are incorrect
But I don't know whether or not A or C are correct.
Answers
Answer:
C it's c why citizens are controlled by the government
1) Were most groups in Arabia living in settlements? How do you know?
Answers
The Fertile Crescent and central and northern Arabia both saw the settlement of Arabian tribes, some of which are today in Israel (Dussaud 1955; Ricci 1984).
What is Arab?
Arabs, also referred to as the Arabs or the Arabs, are an ethnic group that primarily resides in the Arab world, which includes parts of Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and the western Indian Ocean islands. A sizable number of Arabs have also emigrated to other parts of the world, particularly the Americas, Western Europe, Turkey, Indonesia, and Iran. The term "Arab" is often used in modern contexts to describe people who are both speakers of Arabic and members of that ethnic group. This contrasts with the more limited traditional definition, which only refers to the offspring of Arabian tribes. Arabia is where the Islamic faith originated, and Islamic literature is written in classical Arabic.
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Which of the following is NOT a manifest function of education?
A Socialization
B Social control
C Social Placement
D Social networks
Answers
Social Control is not a manifest function of Education. Thus, option b is appropriate.
What is the meaning of the Manifest Function Of Education?The manifest Function of Education actually implies the fact of social learning is being done in schools. To simplify the purpose of schooling which lets the transmission of knowledge is only being talked about.
This process includes varied opportunities including cultural transmission which helps in the process of liberation. Then also Socialization- which helps the students to understand social norms more seriously.
Rational thinking and career Selection are the other two facets that help in the growth of a student's thought process. Hence, option B is correct.
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how does their influence help you to understand the SHS track and strand you want to take
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:Before you choose the track or strand that is right for you, you must first know what ... you. This program is designed for students who want to further enhance their ... you must make sure that you like the strand or track that you are going to take
Symbolize and construct proofs for the following valid arguments. *a. Either Plato or Democritus believed in the theory of forms. Plato believed in the theory of forms only if he was not an atomist, and Democritus was an atomist only if he did not believe in the theory of forms. Democritus was an atomist. Therefore, Plato was not an atomist. * b. If I smoke or drink too much, then I don't sleep well, and if I don't sleep well or don't eat well, then I feel rotten. If I feel rotten, I don't exercise and don't study enough. I do smoke too much. Therefore, I don't study enough.
Answers
a. Either Plato or Democritus believed in the theory of forms. Plato believed in the theory of forms only if he was not an atomist, and Democritus was an atomist only if he did not believe in the theory of forms. Democritus was an atomist. Therefore, Plato was not an atomist. Proof of the argument given in a: Let P = Plato believed in the theory of forms.
Let D = Democritus believed in the theory of forms.Let A = Democritus was an atomist.The argument can be symbolized as:
(P V D) (P → ¬A) (D → ¬P) A Therefore, ¬P.
In this argument, the first premise states that either Plato or Democritus believed in the theory of forms. Therefore, its symbolic representation is (P V D).
The second premise states that if Plato believed in the theory of forms, then he was not an atomist. Therefore, its symbolic representation is (P → ¬A).
Similarly, the third premise states that if Democritus was an atomist, then he did not believe in the theory of forms. Therefore, its symbolic representation is (D → ¬P).
The fourth premise states that Democritus was an atomist. Therefore, its symbolic representation is A.
From these premises, the conclusion drawn is that Plato was not an atomist, which can be symbolized as ¬P. Hence, this is the required proof of the argument given in a.
b. If I smoke or drink too much, then I don't sleep well, and if I don't sleep well or don't eat well, then I feel rotten. If I feel rotten, I don't exercise and don't study enough. I do smoke too much. Therefore, I don't study enough. Proof of the argument given in b: Let S = I smoke too much.
Let D = I drink too much.Let P = I don't sleep well.
Let E = I don't eat well.Let R = I feel rotten.Let X = I don't exercise enough.
Let Y = I don't study enough.
The argument can be symbolized as: (S V D) (P V E) (R → X) (R → Y) S Therefore, Y. In this argument, the first premise states that if I smoke too much or drink too much, then I don't sleep well. Therefore, its symbolic representation is (S V D) → P.
The second premise states that if I don't sleep well or don't eat well, then I feel rotten. Therefore, its symbolic representation is (P V E) → R.
The third premise states that if I feel rotten, then I don't exercise enough. Therefore, its symbolic representation is R → X.
Similarly, the fourth premise states that if I feel rotten, then I don't study enough. Therefore, its symbolic representation is R → Y.
The fifth premise states that I smoke too much. Therefore, its symbolic representation is S.
From these premises, the conclusion drawn is that I don't study enough, which can be symbolized as Y. Hence, this is the required proof of the argument given in b.
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Sample purpose of a research on Private Security Industry and
National Security
Answers
The purpose is to examine the impact of the private security industry on national security and identify potential implications.
The purpose of research on the Private Security Industry and National Security is to examine the relationship between these two entities and understand their impact on each other. This research aims to explore the role of the private security industry in supporting or potentially undermining national security efforts. It seeks to investigate how private security firms contribute to the protection of critical infrastructure, personnel, and assets, as well as their role in intelligence gathering and risk assessment. The study also aims to analyze the potential challenges and risks associated with the involvement of private security companies in national security operations. Ultimately, this research aims to provide insights and recommendations that can inform policy-making, enhance collaboration between public and private sectors, and ensure the effective safeguarding of national security interests.For more such questions on National security:
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which of these contributes to a budget deficit
Answers
in which stage does the person of color realize racism exists?
Answers
The stage in which the person of color realizes racism exists is the second stage of the White Racial Identity Development Model.
The White Racial Identity Development Model is a framework that provides insight into how people's racial identity develops as they interact with people of other races. This model explains how people's awareness of their racial identity influences their beliefs, attitudes, and actions concerning race.
The White Racial Identity Development Model has six stages.
Stage 1: Contact Stage During this stage, the person may not be aware of their racial identity, and they may think of race as irrelevant. They may hold the belief that everyone is the same and that differences in skin color don't matter.
Stage 2: Disintegration Stage During this stage, the person of color realizes that racism exists. They are now aware of the existence of racism and have a sense of guilt and confusion about the privileges they have as a white person. Stage 3: Reintegration Stage During this stage, the person believes that there is a hierarchy in society and that whites are superior to people of color. They justify their beliefs by blaming people of color for their position in society.
Stage 4: Pseudo-Independence Stage During this stage, the person begins to question their beliefs and attitudes about race. They become more open to learning about people of color's experiences.
Stage 5: Immersion and Emersion Stage During this stage, the person immerses themselves in learning about other races' experiences and begins to appreciate the diversity and complexity of people of color's experiences. They develop a positive racial identity.
Stage 6: Autonomy Stage During this stage, the person has a deep understanding of their own racial identity and has developed a sense of social justice and equality. They work towards creating a more equitable society for all people regardless of race.
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before we going to touch Superposition Theorem and
Norton Theorem what should we study?
Answers
Before diving into Superposition Theorem and Norton Theorem, it is essential to have a solid understanding of basic electrical principles and circuit analysis techniques.
This includes knowledge of Ohm's Law, Kirchhoff's Laws, series and parallel circuits, voltage and current division, mesh and nodal analysis, and basic circuit components such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors. It is also important to have a grasp of basic algebra and calculus concepts in order to solve complex circuit problems.
Building a strong foundation in these fundamentals will provide a solid basis for applying more advanced circuit analysis techniques such as Superposition Theorem and Norton Theorem.
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How did the Three-Fifths Compromise impact state representation in the House of
Represenatives?
Answers
Answer:
The Three-Fifths Compromise was a compromise reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that determined how enslaved people would be counted for the purpose of determining a state's population and representation in the House of Representatives. Under the compromise, each enslaved person was counted as three-fifths of a person, which gave slaveholding states greater representation in the House of Representatives than they would have had if only free persons were counted. This compromise contributed to political tensions between the North and South and was eventually repealed by the Fourteenth Amendment, which granted equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the United States.
parma and Paincho are traditional system of co-operation." Justify the statement
Answers
Answer:
Paincho is the process of sharing goods and needs with neighbors when they need and Parma is the process of helping the neighbors with labours and doing some of their works ..So it is said that Parma and paincho are traditional system of cooperation..
10. A water skier is pulled by a force of 100 N and has an acceleration of 10 m/s2. What is
the mass of the skier? (3 pts)
NEED HELP ASAP
Answers
Answer:
10
Explanation:
you use F=M/A you have the force which is 100N and then the velocity is 10m/s2 so u divide the 100 by 10
IN YOUR OWN WORDS
1)Define: The (World Wide) Web
2)*Define: Browser
3)*Define: Search Engine
4)*Define: Website / Webpage
5)*Define: Web Address
6)*Define: Deep Web / Visible Web
7)What does Indexing the Web mean?
8)What is a Spider?
Answers
2. A browser lets you visit websites and do activities within them like login, view multimedia, link from one site to another, visit one page from another, print, send and receive email, among many other activities.
3. Search engine is a website through which users can search internet content.
4. Is a group of World Wide Web pages usually containing hyperlinks to each other and made available online by an individual, company, educational institution, government, or organization.
5. A website address, is also known as a URL (uniform resource locator), is an Internet or intranet name that points to to a location where a file, directory or website page is hosted.
6.A content includes anything behind a paywall or requires sign-in credentials. It also includes any content that its owners have blocked web crawlers from indexing.
1. Why could the Roman empire not be saved?
Answer:
2.What is the nature of Christianity in Europe?
Answer:
3. Evaluate the reign of Emperor Justinian.
Answer:
4. How does our humanity affect history?
Answer:
5. Why did the Byzantine Empire suffer a slow decline?
Answer:
Answers
Answer:
1. Becase it was collapsing from the inside.
Explanation:
which of the following statements about sexual harassment is true? 7 options: a coworker sees jolene looking at graphic images on her social media account on her work computer. even though jolene is on a break and she wasn't intentionally showing the images, her behavior is regulated by federal employment law. non employees cannot be guilty of sexual harassment. sexual harassment can occur between people of the same sex. two of the above statements about sexual harassment are true. all of above statements about sexual harassment are true.
Answers
Se-xual harassment is any unwanted se-xual activity that upsets, frightens, offends, or degrades another person—or is designed to do so.
Se-xual harassment: What is it?The term "se-xual violence," which is also sometimes referred to as "se-xual harassment," is used to describe any se-xual act or interaction that took place against the victim's will.
The term "se-xual violence," which is also sometimes referred to as "se-xual harassment," is used to describe any se-xual act or interaction that took place against the victim's will. Other se-xual violence includes things like ra-pe and se-xual assault.
Se-xual harassment survivors and victims frequently hear comments such, "you're acting too sensitive," "unreasonably," or "can't take a joke," among other things. But, se-xual harassment is never acceptable and is never funny. It can frequently make victims and survivors feel frightened or uncomfortable. For some people, it may negatively effect their quality of life as well as their physical and mental health.
It's possible that you overheard office chats about se-xual harassment. Yet, it can happen anywhere and take on a variety of forms.
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George Campbell Childress was a lawyer and statesman whose primary contribution to Texas was -
А.
organizing an army for Sterling Robertson
B
authoring the Texas Declaration of Independence.
creating a Texas legislature,
D
creating a Texas judiciary.
Answers
Answer:
B
authoring the Texas Declaration of Independence.
Feminist ethicists argue that traditional moral theories have overemphasized ___________ at the expense of ____________.
a. competition; cooperation
b. calculation; emotion
c. impartiality; special relationships
d. all of the above
Answers
Feminist ethicists argue that traditional moral theories have overemphasized impartiality at the expense of special relationships.
Feminist ethicists argue that traditional moral theories have overemphasized impartiality at the expense of special relationships. Traditional moral theories often prioritize impartiality and the application of universal moral principles to guide ethical decision-making. However, feminist ethicists critique this approach for neglecting the significance of personal relationships, care, empathy, and context in moral deliberation. They argue that ethics should not solely focus on abstract principles but should also consider the particularities of human relationships, interconnectedness, and the importance of care and empathy in ethical considerations. Feminist ethics seek to broaden the scope of moral theories by emphasizing the value of relationships, interconnectedness, and the role of emotions in ethical decision-making, challenging the overemphasis on impartiality in traditional moral frameworks.
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which of the following best explains why it is important to protect rivers? a) without them, animals in marine ecosystems would become overpopulated. b) we depend on them to meet our basic needs by providing drinking water. c) without them, we would lose money made through overseas trade. d) we depend on them to provide us with our main source of food.
Answers
Answer:
a) without them, animals in marine ecosystems would become overpopulated.
"assess what quality, cost, delivery, safety metrics need to be
measured in your restaurant."
Answers
Quality, cost, delivery, and safety metrics are essential for a restaurant's success, ensuring food taste, presentation, customer satisfaction, and adherence to regulations.
In a restaurant, several key metrics should be measured to ensure quality, cost, delivery, and safety are maintained.
Firstly, quality metrics involve monitoring food taste, presentation, and consistency, as well as customer satisfaction through feedback and reviews. Cost metrics encompass tracking food and beverage costs, labor expenses, and overhead expenses to identify areas for cost optimization. Delivery metrics involve monitoring order accuracy, timeliness, and efficiency to ensure smooth operations.
Safety metrics focus on maintaining proper food handling and storage practices, as well as adherence to health and safety regulations. This includes monitoring hygiene practices, employee training, and implementing safety protocols to prevent accidents and maintain a safe environment.
Overall, assessing and measuring these metrics is crucial for a successful restaurant operation and meeting customer expectations.
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5. What are futures contracts and forward contracts? Describe two differences between them.
Answers
Futures Contract:- A contract which is a legal agreement to buy or sell a particular commodity asset or security at a predetermined price at a specified time in the future.
Future contracts are Standardized for quality and quantity trade.
The asset Transacted is usually a commodity instrument.
Traded on a future exchange.
Forward Contract:- A contract between two parties which is sellers and buyers on a particular transaction which is to be carried out or executed at a later date.
Can be used for hedging or speculation.
It is a non- standardized nature makes it particularly for hedging.
Trade in the over the counter market hence do not trade on the exchange.
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Which of the following states borders the most other states?
A) Colorado
B) Nevada
C) New Mexico
D) Wyoming
Answers
Answer:
A) Colorado
Explanation:
Looking at a map, you can see that it borders 7 states, which is more than any of the other answers border.
which of the following was an important policy difference between import-substituting industrialization (ISI) and export oriented industrialization?
a. ISI-based strategies have been associated with higher levels of debt accumulation than EOI-based strategies
b. ISI involves heavy government involvement, while EOI involves a purely hands-off approach
c. ISI has tended to be unsuccessful at achieving sustained development, while EOI has helped some countries advance into the developed world.
d. ISI is not supported by the ideas of the Washington Consensus, while EOI is supported by the ideas of the Washington Consensus PLEASE HURRY!!!! 30 POINTS
Answers
Answer:
The correct answer is A.
ISI-based strategies have been associated with higher levels of debt accumulation than EOI-based strategies.
Explanation:
A true case study is that of Argentina.
In 1950, they created a program called Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness in Latin America (ECLA). The objective of the initiative was to implement Import Substitution Industrialization – ISI.
Some successes were recorded, however, the initiative led to high inflation and other economic problems which were made worse by stagnation and foreign debt catastrophe. Eventually, the Argentine government sought the help of the International Monetary Fund who assisted on the condition that they open up their markets for free trade.
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help! please and thank you. what answer is and why?
Answers
What is the goal of the new sponsorship law in
Romania?
Answers
The goal of the new sponsorship law in Romania is to regulate and promote sponsorship activities by providing a legal framework for organizations and individuals to engage in sponsorship agreements.
The new sponsorship law aims to establish clear guidelines and rules for sponsorships in Romania. It provides a legal framework that governs the rights and obligations of sponsors and sponsored entities. The law aims to encourage and facilitate sponsorship activities by offering clarity and transparency in contractual arrangements.
It provides a means for organizations and individuals to support various initiatives, events, or projects through financial or in-kind contributions. By implementing this law, Romania seeks to attract more sponsors, stimulate economic growth, and foster collaboration between the private sector and different sectors of society. The overall goal is to enhance the sustainability and impact of sponsorship activities in Romania.
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