The breaking of the molecular bonds in H₂ and Cl₂ is considered an endothermic step because it requires energy input to break the bonds.
This energy is absorbed from the surroundings in the form of heat. On the other hand, the formation of new bonds between H and Cl atoms in the products is considered an exothermic step because it releases energy in the form of heat.
Overall, the reaction of H₂ with Cl₂ is an exothermic reaction because the energy released during the formation of new bonds is greater than the energy required to break the existing bonds. This means that the reaction releases heat into the surroundings.
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Can someone please help me with this!!!
( I chose to stop using water bottles )
Answer:
Flushing goldfish down the toliet
Explanation:
This would help the planet because goldfish are a very evasive species that has been harming our natural enviroments lakes and rivers. Ever since people have been flushing them down the toliet including me since I've had over six they have been finding their ways into our ecosytem and damaging nature. You may think that goldfish are a cute and small pet species to keep in a fish tank but the fish can grow in the right conditons up to 16.1 inches long and can top over five pounds in the wild. Unfortunately most goldfish never thrive like this in fish tanks due to nasty inadequate housing and feeding conditions. And most do not live up to their expected life span in the wild of 15 to even thirty years due to their living conditons. Did you know, goldfish will actually jump out of their tank in a final desperate search for better living conditions and enviroment to live in to meet their physiological needs. But lets get back to the problem so don't be to quick to feel sorry for them, when people flush them down the toliet they repopulate somehow in our lakes and rivers. Even through, it is not clear how they got there, which the suspected culprit is the sewer system. They threaten the natural enviroment tho because they are obnivores and they eat a mixtures of plants and animal specimen. You are probrably thinking why is this a problem, well its because goldfish are particullary greedy eaters and will eat, eat, and feast on the natural envrioment they infestated. And the waste they leave on the enviroment will promote the growth of algae which could cause an extent of enviromental damage. Of course goldfish are not impacted by this algae growth for adaptation reasons which shield them. This is not the main problem tho the main problem of this is that female goldfish can produce up to 1000 eggs at a time. And to make things worse unlike other fish species where the parents of the eggs leave the eggs for predaetors and well the elements of nature the goldfish instead guard their nest foriciously from predaetors that eat fish eggs in which effectively shields the populations young from danger. And to just add to the chaos the goldfish sadly have no real natural predaetor in the unitedstates which just causes more problems since they have no one killing them. And did I mention that they could live up to a real possibility of thirty years. And that they are forocious eaters that could eat a variety of types of foods. All of these facts in the end lead to two things first stop flushing your pet goldfish down the toliet and secondly now you know how golfish impact our planet.
Give brainliest please it took me over thirty minutes of thinking!
14. Which of the following groups is most at risk for developing this disease?
a) children born to mothers with dark skin, living far from the equator
b) adults with dark skin who live close to the equator
c) children born to mothers with light skin who live close to the equator
Answer: c
Explanation: built different
A 800N mountain climber scales a 160m cliff. How much work is done by the mountain climber?
Answer:
Work done, W = 128 kJ
Explanation:
Given that,
Weight of a mountain climber, F = 800 N
It climbs to a cliff that is 160 m high.
We need to find the work done by the mountain climber. The work done by an object is given by the formula as follows :
W = Fd
Put the values of F and d.
W = 800 N × 160 m
W = 128000 J
or
W = 128 kJ
So, 128 kJ of work is done by the mountain climber.
Is it okay if you help me? I'm kind of in a tight spot here. Tysmmmmmmmmmmmmm o(❁´◡`❁)o!!
Answer:
Explanation:
My guess is option c
Draw and upload a separation scheme for the isolation of benzoic acid from the reaction mixture.
Reaction mixture --> Transformation of bromobenzene into benzoic acid through a Grignard reaction
The transformation of bromobenzene into benzoic acid through a Grignard reaction
Here's a separation scheme for the isolation of benzoic acid from the reaction mixture obtained through the transformation of bromobenzene into benzoic acid through a Grignard reaction:
Separation scheme for the isolation of benzoic acid from the reaction mixture obtained through the transformation of bromobenzene into benzoic acid through a Grignard reaction:
Step 1: Pour the reaction mixture into a separating funnel, and add 50 ml of 10% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution to it. Shake the mixture well.
Step 2: Allow the layers to separate and collect the lower aqueous layer.
Step 3: Acidify the aqueous layer with 6 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) until the pH of the mixture reaches 2-3. Shake the mixture well.
Step 4: Allow the layers to separate and collect the upper organic layer.
Step 5: Transfer the organic layer to a clean flask and add 20 ml of anhydrous diethyl ether to it. Shake the mixture well.
Step 6: Collect the ether layer and transfer it to a clean flask. Evaporate the ether to obtain pure benzoic acid as a solid residue.
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_____energy tells us how fast the reaction willproceed.
Explanation
Kinetic energy is a modality of energy present in all moving bodies. According to the SI, its unit of measurement is the joule. Furthermore, this energy is a scalar quantity that has exclusively positive values.
Kinetic energy is proportional to the square of the body's velocity. Thus, if the speed of a body double, its kinetic energy will increase four times, if the speed of a body triple, then this increase will be nine times.
Answer
Kinect energy tells us how fast the reaction will proceed.
Outline an alternative method and name equipment you could use to collect gas and work out the
volume produced in a more accurate way.
The alternative method to collect the gas and measure the volume is by a gas syringe.
What is a gas syringe?
Gas syringe is an equipment used to pump or withdraw gas from a closed container and can measure the volume of the gas produced in any chemical reaction.
The volume of the gas produced can be measured by reading the measuring scale on the gas syringe when the plunger moves in a gas syringe.
Hence, gas syringe is an alternative method to collect and measure the volume of the gas in a chemical reaction.
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1. You may be using medium for shoot regeneration from leaf explants of a plant in Expt-5. The plant media may contain the plant growth regulators (hoones) BA and NAA. The molecular weight of BK is 72 A : and NAA is 186. The media is pH to 5.8. (a) Before making the plant media, you found the pH to be 3.6. What would you add quiekly to get it to a pH of 5.8 (give a specific name of the solution)? Why? (1 pt) (b) How much BA will be weighed fot a 1M solution? (Y po) (c) Convert your answer from (b) to mg/ml. (Y/ pt) (d) Convert your answer from (c) to mg 1 . (1 pt) (e) How much BA will be weighed for a 5mM solution? (1/4pt) (f) Convert your answer from (c) to mg/ml. ( /4pt ) (g) Convert your answer from (f) to mg/L. (H/ pt) (h) Your stock solution of BA is 5mM and your working solution is 0.2mg/.. What volume of the stoc be added to 250ml of medium? [Hint: fook at the previous answers Keep to 4 decimal pts.) (3 pts Convert your answer from (h) to μI, and which pipettor will you use to aliquot the B. A? (1 pt)
(a) To get the pH of the media to 5.8, you would add NaOH solution. NaOH is used as a basic solution, and when it is added to a solution, it will increase the pH of the solution.
(b) The molecular weight of BA is 225.3. To prepare a 1M solution, you would have to weigh out 225.3 grams of BA.(c) To convert a 1M solution of BA to mg/mL, you can use the following equation: 1 mole = molecular weight in grams; 1000 millimoles = 1 mole. So, 1 M = 1000 mg/mL. Therefore, a 1M solution of BA is equivalent to 1000 mg/mL .(d) To convert a concentration of 1000 mg/mL .
Therefore, to calculate the weight required for a 5 mM solution, use the following formula :Mass of BA = molarity × volume × molecular weight= 5 × 0.001 × 225.3= 1.1265 grams(f) To convert a concentration of 5 mM to mg/mL, we use the following formula: Concentration (mg/mL) = (Concentration (mM) × Molecular weight) / 1000= (5 × 225.3) / 1000= 1.1265 mg/mL(g)
To convert a concentration of 1.1265 mg/mL to mg/L, we multiply by 1000, so 1.1265 mg/mL = 1126.5 mg/L.(h) Given that the stock solution of BA is 5 mM and the working solution is 0.2 mg/mL.
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Why are heat and alcohol used to disinfect medical equipment? 02 Why is milk given to someone who accidentally ingests a heavy metal ion such as silver or mercury?
The use of heat and alcohol to disinfect medical equipment is because both heat and alcohol are effective at killing microorganisms and bacteria.
Heat can be used to sterilize equipment by exposing it to high temperatures for a certain period of time, while alcohol, specifically ethanol and isopropyl alcohol, can be used to disinfect surfaces by denaturing the proteins and dissolving the lipid membranes of microorganisms.
Milk is not given to someone who accidentally ingests a heavy metal ion such as silver or mercury. Ingestion of heavy metal ions like silver or mercury can cause serious health problems and requires prompt medical attention. Milk is not an effective treatment for heavy metal poisoning, and chelating agents or other specific treatments are used for removing heavy metals from the body.
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Calculate the pH of a solution that is made up of 1.97 M hydrocyanic acid (HCN) and 1.17 M potassium cyanide (KCN).
The pH of the solution is approximately 9.41.
The pH of a solution can be determined using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, which relates the pH to the concentrations of the acidic and basic components of the solution. In this case, hydrocyanic acid (HCN) acts as the acidic component, while potassium cyanide (KCN) acts as the basic component. The dissociation of HCN in water produces cyanide ions (CN-) and hydrogen ions (H+).
The concentration of hydrogen ions can be calculated using the concentration of HCN and the dissociation constant (pKa) of hydrocyanic acid. By plugging these values into the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the pH of the solution can be determined. In this case, the pH is approximately 9.41, indicating that the solution is slightly basic.
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What is ?G°rxn for the following reaction?
2NO(g) + Cl2(g) ? 2NOCl(g)
Substance
?G°f (kJ/mol)
NOCl(g)
66.35
NO(g)
86.55
A) –40.40 kJ/mol
B) +40.40 kJ/mol
C) –20.20 kJ/mol
D) +20.20 kJ/mol
E) +152.90 kJ/mol
The value of ?G°rxn for the reaction 2NO(g) + Cl₂(g) → 2NOCl(g) is -40.40 kJ/mol (option A).
The value of ?G°rxn, or the standard Gibbs free energy change, provides information about the spontaneity of a reaction under standard conditions. It is calculated by subtracting the sum of the standard Gibbs free energies of the reactants from the sum of the standard Gibbs free energies of the products. In this case, we have the following reactants and their corresponding standard Gibbs free energies of formation (?G°f):
NOCl(g): 66.35 kJ/molNO(g): 86.55 kJ/molTo determine ?G°rxn, we need to consider the stoichiometry of the reaction. The coefficient of NOCl(g) is 2 in the products, while it is 1 in the reactants. Therefore, we multiply the ?G°f value of NOCl(g) by 2 to account for this change.
Next, we subtract the sum of the reactant ?G°f values from the sum of the product ?G°f values:
?G°rxn = (2 × ?G°f(NOCl(g))) - ?G°f(NO(g)) - ?G°f(Cl₂(g)) = (2 × 66.35 kJ/mol) - 86.55 kJ/mol - 0 kJ/mol = 132.70 kJ/mol - 86.55 kJ/mol = -40.40 kJ/molTherefore, the value of ?G°rxn for the given reaction is -40.40 kJ/mol (option A).
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If+a+dialysis+bag+contained+a+4%+solution+and+was+dropped+into+a+beaker+that+contained+a+2%+solution,+what+would+you+expect+the+bag+to+do?
The bag with a 4% solution would be expected to undergo osmosis and absorb water from the 2% solution in the beaker.
When a solution with a higher concentration (4% in this case) is placed in a solution with a lower concentration (2%), osmosis occurs. Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane, such as the dialysis bag.
In this scenario, the bag containing the 4% solution has a higher solute concentration compared to the 2% solution in the beaker. As a result, water molecules from the 2% solution would tend to move across the semipermeable membrane of the dialysis bag to dilute the higher concentration inside the bag.
The movement of water into the bag would cause it to expand and potentially increase in size. The bag may appear swollen or filled with liquid as it absorbs water from the surrounding 2% solution.
This process of osmosis aims to equalize the solute concentrations on both sides of the membrane. As the water continues to flow into the bag, the solute concentration inside the bag decreases while the volume of the bag increases.
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a mixture of nitrogen and neon gas is expanded from a volume of 98 l to a volume of 100 l, while the pressure is held constant at . calculate the work done on the gas mixture. be sure your answer has the correct sign (positive or negative) and the correct number of significant digits.
A first-order reaction has a half-life of 36 min. What is the value of the rate constant? a. 3.2 x 10^-4 s-1 b. 1.9 x 10^-3 l mol^-1 s-1 c. 1.2 s^-1 d. 0.028 s^-1
The value of the rate constant is 1.9 × 10⁻³ mol⁻¹.
FIRST ORDER REACTIONChemical reaction in which the rate of the reaction is dependent on the concentration of the only one reactant.
RATE CONSTANTThe proportionality constant that expresses the relationship between the rate of the chemical reaction and the concentration of the reacting solution.
The rate constant
t1/2 = 0.693 / k
k = 0.693 / 36
= 1.9 × 10⁻³ mol⁻¹
Hence the value of the rate constant for the first order reaction is 1.9 × 10⁻³ mol⁻¹
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From the following balanced equation,
2H2(g)+O2(g)?2H2O(g)
how many grams of H2O can be formed from 5.58 g H2?
Select the correct answer below:
49.9 g
0.624 g
99.8 g
5.54 g
49.9 grams of H\(_{2}\)O can be from 5.58 grams of H\(_{2}\) from the given balanced dequation. Option A) 49.9 g is the correct answer.
To determine the amount of H\(_{2}\)O that can be formed from 5.58 g of H\(_{2}\), we need to use the balanced equation and stoichiometry.
From the balanced equation 2H\(_{2}\)(g) + O\(_{2}\)(g) → 2H\(_{2}\)O(g), we can see that for every 2 moles of H\(_{2}\), 2 moles of H\(_{2}\)O are produced.
To calculate the number of moles of H\(_{2}\) in 5.58 g, we divide the mass by the molar mass of H\(_{2}\), which is 2 g/mol. Therefore, 5.58 g H\(_{2}\) corresponds to 5.58 g / 2 g/mol = 2.79 mol H\(_{2}\).
Since the mole ratio between H\(_{2}\) and H\(_{2}\)O is 1:1, the number of moles of H\(_{2}\)O formed will also be 2.79 mol.
To convert the moles of H\(_{2}\)O to grams, we multiply the number of moles by the molar mass of H\(_{2}\)O, which is approximately 18 g/mol. Thus, the mass of H\(_{2}\)O formed is 2.79 mol × 18 g/mol = 50.22 g.
Therefore, the correct answer is Option A) 49.9 g.
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Dysfunction or problems requiring treatment may be around issues such as:
Structural instability (re Joints )
Low-level Endurance
Maintaining and improving ROM
Maintaining &/or increasing Strength
High level endurance
Dysfunction or problems requiring treatment may involve addressing structural instability in joints, improving low-level and high-level endurance, maintaining and improving range of motion, and maintaining or increasing strength. These treatments can be tailored to the individual's specific needs and may involve various approaches such as physical therapy, exercise, or even surgery in some cases. Dysfunction or problems requiring treatment may be around issues such as:
Step:1. Structural instability (re Joints): This refers to a lack of stability in the joints, which can result in pain, discomfort, and reduced mobility. Treatment may involve physical therapy, bracing, or even surgery to address the instability and improve joint function.
Step;2. Low-level Endurance: Low-level endurance issues can be a result of deconditioning or other health conditions. Treatment may include a gradual increase in physical activity and exercises designed to build endurance over time.
Step:3. Maintaining and improving Range of Motion (ROM): Limited ROM can be caused by various factors such as injuries or muscle imbalances. Treatment may involve stretching exercises, joint mobilization, or other techniques to improve flexibility and joint movement.
Step:4. Maintaining and/or increasing Strength: Weakness in muscles can lead to dysfunction and injuries. Treatment may include resistance training, functional exercises, and other strengthening techniques to build and maintain muscle strength.
Step:5. High-level endurance: For individuals requiring enhanced endurance for athletic performance or other reasons, treatment may involve advanced training techniques, sports-specific exercises, and other approaches to improve high-level endurance.
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Which of the following chemical equations depicts a balanced chemical reaction?A. H2+O2−>H2OB. 2H2+O2−>2H2OC. 2H2+2O2−>H2OD. 2H2+2O2−>2H2O
The chemical equation that depicts a balanced chemical reaction is the one in choice B.
In this choice, the same number of atoms of each elements is in both, reactants and products sides, which means that the law of conservation of mass is fulfilled.
The correct answer is choice B.
What chemical reactions occur in a Nelson's cell?
Explanation:
The graphite anodes are suspended into the brine. During electrolysis, Cl ions are oxidized at the anode and chlorine gas goes out of the cell, while sodium ions are reduced at the mercury cathode forming sodium amalgam. ... Hydrogen gas is obtained as a by–product at the cathode.
2- Bromo – 2 – methyl propane is :
(a) Primary alkyl halide
(b) Secondary alkyl Halide
(c) Tertiary alkyl amine
(d) Tertiary alkyl Halide
Answer:
(B) SECONDARY ALKYL HALIDE
How much energy is passed to the next trophic level in the food chain?
Answer:
10%
Explanation:
Out of the original layer, only ten percent is transferred to the next
Calculate the number of atoms in 18.34 grams of sulfur. Answers in scientific notation
PLZ HELP!!
Answer:
The answer is 1.834 * 10
Explanation:
Consider the reversible reaction A(g)↽−−⇀B(g) Which K values would indicate that there is more B than A at equilibrium? K=0.8 K=9000 K=7×10–9 K=7×106
K values less than 1 (K < 1) would indicate that there is more B than A at equilibrium.
The equilibrium constant (K) represents the ratio of the concentrations of products to reactants at equilibrium. In the given reaction, A(g) ⇌ B(g), the equilibrium constant expression is K = [B(g)]/[A(g)].
When K < 1, it implies that the concentration of B (denoted as [B(g)]) is smaller compared to the concentration of A ([A(g)]) at equilibrium. Since the equilibrium constant is smaller than 1, it indicates that the reaction favors the formation of reactant A over product B.
Therefore, there is more B than A at equilibrium when the equilibrium constant (K) is less than 1 (K < 1).
Hence, among the given K values, K = 0.8 and K = 7×10^(-9) would indicate that there is more B than A at equilibrium.
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A sample of a gas in a 4 L container at 300 K has a pressure of 1 atm. If the temperature is increased to 600 K and the volume is decreased to 2 L, the pressure is likely to be closest to which of the following?
0.5 atm
в
1 atm
с
2 atm
D
4 atm
Answer:
Explanation:
Did u ever get the answer?
During one month andre used 785 gallons of water at his home. There are approximately 3. 8 liters in 1 gallon.
Answer:
Explanation:
2983 Liters did the exam dont worry
por que existen diferencias en el consumo del agua de las personas?
Las diferencias entre el consumo de agua existen debido a que varios factores externos inciden en este proceso de ingesta de agua.
El agua es un compuesto químico que es vital para la vida de los seres vivos. En el caso de los humanos es necesario tomar agua para evitar la deshidratación y activar muchos procesos naturales del cuerpo.
La cantidad de agua que debe tomar un humano depende de varios factores como:
La temperatura del lugar en el que esté, si está en un lugar con mayor temperatura la sudoración hará que requiera más agua.La cantidad de actividad física que realiza, entre más actividad física se eliminan más líquidos corporales por medio del sudor.La salud, cuando tiene alguna enfermedad como diarrea o vómito puede perder líquido más rápidamente.Embarazo y lactancia, las mujeres en estado de embarazo y lactancia deben tomar más agua dado que un porcentaje del agua de su cuerpo se va para el consumo de su hijo.Incluso la cantidad de agua de agua puede variar dependiendo del peso de cada persona, aquellas personas que pesan más deben beber más agua, que aquellas que tienen menor peso debido a que la cantidad de agua debe ser proporcional a su peso.
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what kind of state is a roller coasters are the best use of Newton's laws of motion
I am slightly unsure on the question, but if you are asking what kind of "statement" is "roller coasters are the best use of Newton's laws of motion" then the following should answer your question:
Answer:
An opinion.
Explanation:
In physics, Sir Isaac Newton's first law of motion is known as law of inertia and it states that, an object or a physical body in motion will continue in its state of motion at continuous velocity (the same speed and direction) or, if at rest, will remain at rest unless acted upon by an external force.
The statement, "Roller coasters are the best use of Newton's laws of motions" is an opinion because it is not based on any evidence, facts, or proof to back it up.
The pressure in a car tire is 217 kPa at 24°C. After being driven on a hot summer day, the pressure in the tire increases to 258 kPa. What is the Celsius temperature of the air in the tire?
The Celsius temperature of the air in the tire after the pressure increase is approximately 60.52°C.
How to determine the Celsius temperature?
To find the Celsius temperature of the air in the tire after the pressure
increase, we can use Charles's Law, which states that the volume of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to its temperature, assuming the pressure and amount of gas remain constant.
The formula for Charles's Law is:
(V1 / T1) = (V2 / T2)
Where:
V1 = Initial volume (which remains constant in this case)
T1 = Initial temperature (in Kelvin)
V2 = Final volume (which remains constant in this case)
T2 = Final temperature (in Kelvin)
Since we are dealing with temperature in Celsius, we need to convert it to Kelvin by adding 273.15.
Given:
P1 = 217 kPa (initial pressure)
T1 = 24°C (initial temperature)
P2 = 258 kPa (final pressure)
T2 = ?
We can assume that the volume and amount of gas remain constant, so the ratio of pressures is directly proportional to the ratio of temperatures:
(P1 / T1) = (P2 / T2)
Now let's substitute the given values:
(217 kPa / (24°C + 273.15)) = (258 kPa / T2)
Simplifying the equation:
217 / (24 + 273.15) = 258 / T2
T2 = (258 * (24 + 273.15)) / 217
Calculating T2:
T2 ≈ 333.67 Kelvin
To convert this back to Celsius, we subtract 273.15:
T2 ≈ 60.52°C
Therefore, the Celsius temperature of the air in the tire after the pressure increase is approximately 60.52°C.
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Considering the stereochemistry of the inteediate I below, which of the products would you expect. Explain your answer.
The expected product is (R)-2-bromobutane.
Stereochemistry plays a crucial role in determining the outcome of chemical reactions. In the given question, the stereochemistry of the intermediate I needs to be considered to determine the expected product.
The intermediate I indicates a chiral carbon center, denoted by an asterisk (*), which means it has four different substituents attached to it. This chiral carbon results in two possible stereoisomers: (R)-2-bromobutane and (S)-2-bromobutane.
When a reaction occurs at a chiral carbon, the stereochemistry of the reactant is usually retained in the product, assuming no racemization or inversion takes place during the reaction. In this case, the intermediate I has an (R) configuration, which implies that the product will also have an (R) configuration.
Therefore, the expected product is (R)-2-bromobutane.
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if you start with 64.0g of 02 and excess H2, then what is the theoretical yield of water produced? what is the percent yield if the actual yield is 60g of H20?
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between oxygen and hydrogen to form water is:
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
The molar mass of oxygen is 32 g/mol. Therefore, 64.0 g of oxygen is equivalent to 2 moles of oxygen. Since there is excess hydrogen, it is the limiting reactant and will determine the theoretical yield of water.
To calculate the theoretical yield of water, we need to use stoichiometry. From the balanced equation, we know that 2 moles of hydrogen react with 1 mole of oxygen to produce 2 moles of water. Therefore, 2 moles of hydrogen will produce 2 moles of water.
Using the molar mass of water (18 g/mol), we can convert the number of moles of water to grams:
2 moles H2O × 18 g/mol = 36 g H2O (theoretical yield)
To calculate the percent yield, we divide the actual yield by the theoretical yield and multiply by 100:
percent yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) × 100
percent yield = (60 g / 36 g) × 100
percent yield = 166.7%
Since the percent yield is greater than 100%, this suggests that there may have been errors in the experimental procedure or measurements. Factors such as incomplete reactions, loss of product during transfer or filtration, or impurities in the reactants can all contribute to a lower actual yield and a lower percent yield.
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When humans plant more trees, carbon can begin entering the ____
a- hydrosphere
b- geosphere
c- biosphere
Answer:
biosphere
Explanation:
The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged between the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere of the Earth.
The biosphere refers to the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the earth or another planet occupied by living organisms.
Plants are responsible for taking in carbon in nature. When more trees are planted, carbon is absorbed by plants which is a component of the biosphere. Hence planting more trees means increasing the intake of carbon into the biosphere.