most enzymes are active at 37°c, what allows the pcr to function over such a high temperature range needed to melt, anneal, and extend dna?

The force that caused the rubber blue ball to roll down the ramp is gravity. When Kendrick held the ball halfway up the ramp and then released it, the force of gravity began to act on the ball and it started to roll down the ramp.

A ramp is an inclined plane that reduces the amount of force required to move an object to a higher level. The force of gravity, which is an attractive force between any two objects in the universe, acts on objects in the direction of the center of the Earth.

This force causes objects to fall toward the ground. When the rubber blue ball was released from the midpoint of the ramp, it began to move in the direction of the force of gravity, which caused it to roll down the ramp. The force of gravity was able to overcome the ball's inertia and caused it to accelerate down the ramp. Once the ball rolled off the end of the ramp, it continued to move forward due to its inertia.

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Answer:

Wegener suggested that perhaps the rotation of the Earth caused the continents to shift towards and apart from each other. (It doesn't.) Today, we know that the continents rest on massive slabs of rock called tectonic plates. The plates are always moving and interacting in a process called plate tectonics.

Explanation:

Answer:

not really because during meiosis a cell divides and makes new cells but if you think of it another way I could be proven wrong

Explanation:

i hope this helped you. in any way

Immune cells, such as white blood cells, play an important role in tissue repair by identifying and removing damaged or infected cells and promoting the growth and differentiation of new cells. Additionally, immune cells release molecules known as growth factors that stimulate the production of new blood vessels, which is important for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the repair site.

2. The difference in the way flour sticks to the man's chest in the photo may be due to the fact that scar tissue is composed of different types of collagen than normal skin tissue. Collagen is a protein that gives skin its structure and strength. In scar tissue, the collagen fibers are arranged in a different pattern than in normal skin, which can affect the way that other substances, such as flour, interact with the tissue.

Tissue repair is a complex process that involves multiple stages and multiple cell types. The process begins with an inflammatory response, which is triggered by injury or damage to the tissue.

Next, the proliferation stage begins, in which new cells, such as fibroblasts and blood vessel cells, are produced and migrate to the repair site.

In the maturation stage, the extracellular matrix molecules are organized and remodeled to create a functional tissue that is similar in structure and function to the tissue that was damaged.

Finally, in the remodeling stage, the repair tissue is further strengthened and optimized to match the surrounding tissue. This process may take several weeks to months, depending on the size and location of the injury.

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a. The radioactivity would be localized in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells subjected to the following treatments in eukaryotic cells, DNA is stored in the nucleus, while protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm (Option E).

b. A combination of two results above could you use to argue that RNA acts as such messenger is 3H-uridine added for 1 minute, after which cells are fixed immediately, 3H-thymidine added for 1 minute, after which cells are fixed immediately, and 3H-uridine added for 1 minute, followed by waiting for 2 hours, then cells are fixed.

The addition of 3H-uridine for 1 minute and immediate fixation causes radioactivity to localize in the nucleus. This is because uridine is incorporated into RNA, which is synthesized in the nucleus.

When 3H-thymidine is added for 1 minute, and the cells are fixed immediately, the radioactivity localizes in the nucleus. Thymidine is incorporated into DNA, which is synthesized in the nucleus.

When 3H-uridine is added for 1 minute, and the cells are fixed after 2 hours, the radioactivity is evenly distributed throughout the cell, including both the nucleus and cytoplasm. RNA synthesis occurs in the nucleus, but RNA is transported to the cytoplasm for translation into proteins.

When 3H-thymidine is added for 1 minute and cells are fixed after 2 hours, the radioactivity remains in the nucleus. This is because DNA replication only occurs in the nucleus.

RNA could act as such messenger when we use the result of (c), 3H-uridine added for 1 minute, followed by waiting for 2 hours, then cells are fixed. This is because RNA is synthesized in the nucleus, but it is transported to the cytoplasm for translation into proteins.

Therefore, the fact that the radioactivity is distributed throughout the cell suggests that RNA is involved in the transport of information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

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Signals that define the beginning and end of protein synthesis are contained in mRNA (messenger RNA). The correct option is (A).

Signals that define the beginning and end of protein synthesis are contained in mRNA. mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes, where protein synthesis takes place.

It serves as a template for the synthesis of proteins by providing the instructions for the sequence of amino acids in the protein.

Specifically, the beginning of protein synthesis is signaled by the start codon, which is a specific sequence of nucleotides on the mRNA molecule.

The start codon (usually AUG) marks the initiation of protein synthesis and signals the ribosome to assemble the necessary components for translation.

Similarly, the end of protein synthesis is signaled by stop codons. Stop codons (UAA, UAG, or UGA) are specific sequences of nucleotides that indicate the termination of protein synthesis.

When a stop codon is encountered by the ribosome during translation, it signals the release of the newly synthesized protein and the dissociation of the ribosome from the mRNA molecule.

While tRNA (transfer RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA), and proteins are essential components involved in protein synthesis, the signals that define the beginning and end of protein synthesis are primarily contained within the mRNA molecule.

The ribosome, composed of rRNA and proteins, plays a critical role in translating the mRNA code into a polypeptide chain with the help of tRNA molecules.

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Leaving out a base during the process of replication is quite dangerous because this may result in a non-functional protein.

When a base is left out during replication and the mRNA generated is used to synthesize protein, the codons will be incomplete and will result in an incomplete or non-functional protein.

Codons are in a base of 3. Thus, leaving out a base means that an entire codon has been rendered useless. This also means that the amino acids of the protein synthesized will be incomplete.

This either results in a totally different or non-functional protein.

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Answer:

A tectonic plate (also called lithospheric plate) is a massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock, generally composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere. Plate size can vary greatly, from a few hundred to thousands of kilometers across; the Pacific and Antarctic Plates are among the largest.

Autonomic ganglia contain the cell bodie of motor neurons. So the correct option is E.

Autonomic ganglia are a type of ganglia in which there is a group of neurons that will join the nerves that come from the central nervous system with the nerves that come from the organs in the periphery, the latter will be autonomous nerves.

These ganglia will send the motor information that will generate the reaction to the sensitive information that it has collected through its receptors.

Therefore, we can confirm that the correct option is E. the cell bodies of motor neurons

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Autonomic ganglia contain

group of answer choices

A. the cell bodies of postganglionic motor fibers

B. an outer connective tissue capsule around the cell bodies of preganglionic motor neurons

C. both somatic afferent and efferent neurons

D. synapses between postganglionic fibers and their effectors

E. the cell bodies of motor neurons

If a scientist isolates genes for Hepatitus B antigens from a Hepatitus virus, then inserts them into a bacterial plasmid and replicates the bacteria in a fermenter, the product collected will be transgenic bacterial plasmids, inside the bacteria, in order to proove if the transgenic plasmid actually gives the bacteria resistance to the virus, it has to be grown in an infected medium.

The correct answer is option A.

I don't think so much for all your friends and family

Answer:

Explanation:

1.childhood

2.greenest

3.funny

a) An allele frequency changes in a population would indicate that evolution has occurred.

DISCLAIMER

Which event would indicate that evolution has occurred?

a) An allele frequency changes in a population.

b) An animal gets fat.

c) A white-eyed fly is born into a population of brown-eyed flies.

d) A new predator comes

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Euglena is a single-celled organism that belongs to the phylum Euglenozoa. It is a photosynthetic organism that can be found in both fresh and saltwater. It has a long whip-like flagellum that helps it to move around and search for food. Autotrophic Heterotrophic Unicellular Spirogyra Spirogyra is a filamentous algae that can be found in freshwater environments.

It is made up of cells that are joined together in a chain-like structure. Spirogyra is an important part of the food chain because it is a primary producer.

Autotrophic Heterotrophic Multicellular Fuligo Fuligo is a type of slime mould that can be found in damp, shady areas. It is a unicellular organism that is capable of forming large colonies.

Fuligo feeds on bacteria and other organic matter and is an important decomposer in its environment. Autotrophic Heterotrophic Unicellular and Multicellular

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Answer:

Red blood cell->heart tissue->circulatory system

Explanation:

Cell is a basic unit of any living organism. A tissue consists of many cells. Several tissues make up an organelle. Many organelles contribute to a system

The human body parts in order from the simplest level of organization to the most complex is: red blood cell → heart tissue → circulatory system. Thus, the correct option is C.

The human body is organized at different levels. The basic level from where the organization starts is the cell. Cells are the basic unit of life. They are organized into tissues, and tissues are further organized to form organs. Different organs are organized into the organ systems such as the reproductive system, respiratory system, and muscular systems.

In this case, the organization of body parts from the simplest level to the most complex level is as follows: red blood cell → heart tissue → circulatory system.

Therefore, the correct option is C.

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Answer:

Sucrose

Explanation:

Sucrose is a monosaccharide of a sugar (carbohydrate).

Nitrogen is a chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7. It is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that makes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere by volume.

Nitrogen is an essential element for life as it is a crucial component of amino acids, nucleic acids, and many other organic molecules found in all living organisms.

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Answer:

um am I supposed to help you orrr

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction—without being a reactant—is called a catalyst. The catalysts for biochemical reactions that happen in living organisms are called enzymes. Enzymes are usually proteins, though some ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules act as enzymes too.Enzymes perform the critical task of lowering a reaction's activation energy—that is, the amount of energy that must be put in for the reaction to begin. Enzymes work by binding to reactant molecules and holding them in such a way that the chemical bond-breaking and bond-forming processes take place more readily.To clarify one important point, enzymes don’t change a reaction’s ∆G value. That is, they don’t change whether a reaction is energy-releasing or energy-absorbing overall. That's because enzymes don’t affect the free energy of the reactants or products.Instead, enzymes lower the energy of the transition state, an unstable state that products must pass through in order to become reactants. The transition state is at the top of the energy "hill" in the diagram above.To catalyze a reaction, an enzyme will grab on (bind) to one or more reactant molecules. These molecules are the enzyme's substrates.In some reactions, one substrate is broken down into multiple products. In others, two substrates come together to create one larger molecule or to swap pieces. In fact, whatever type of biological reaction you can think of, there is probably an enzyme to speed it up!The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the active site (since that’s where the catalytic “action” happens).

Proteins are made of units called amino acids, and in enzymes that are proteins, the active site gets its properties from the amino acids it's built out of. These amino acids may have side chains that are large or small, acidic or basic, hydrophilic or hydrophobic.

The set of amino acids found in the active site, along with their positions in 3D space, give the active site a very specific size, shape, and chemical behavior. Thanks to these amino acids, an enzyme's active site is uniquely suited to bind to a particular target—the enzyme's substrate or substrates—and help them undergo a chemical reaction.

Because active sites are finely tuned to help a chemical reaction happen, they can be very sensitive to changes in the enzyme’s environment. Factors that may affect the active site and enzyme function include:

Temperature. A higher temperature generally makes for higher rates of reaction, enzyme-catalyzed or otherwise. However, either increasing or decreasing the temperature outside of a tolerable range can affect chemical bonds in the active site, making them less well-suited to bind substrates. Very high temperatures (for animal enzymes, above 404040 ^{\circ}\text C ∘ Cdegrees, start text, C, end text or 104104104 ^{\circ}\text F

∘Fdegrees, start text, F, end text) may cause an enzyme to denature, losing its shape and activity.^2 2 Squared pH. pH can also affect enzyme function. Active site amino acid residues often have acidic or basic properties that are important for catalysis. Changes in pH can affect these residues and make it hard for substrates to bind. Enzymes work best within a certain pH range, and, as with temperature, extreme pH values (acidic or basic) can make enzymes denature.The matching between an enzyme's active site and the substrate isn’t just like two puzzle pieces fitting together (though scientists once thought it was, in an old model called the “lock-and-key” model).Instead, an enzyme changes shape slightly when it binds its substrate, resulting in an even tighter fit. This adjustment of the enzyme to snugly fit the substrate is called induced fit.When an enzyme binds to its substrate, we know it lowers the activation energy of the reaction, allowing it to happen more quickly.

The answer depends on the enzyme. Some enzymes speed up chemical reactions by bringing two substrates together in the right orientation. Others create an environment inside the active site that's favorable to the reaction (for instance, one that's slightly acidic or non-polar). The enzyme-substrate complex can also lower activation energy by bending substrate molecules in a way that facilitates bond-breaking, helping to reach the transition state.

Finally, some enzymes lower activation energies by taking part in the chemical reaction themselves. That is, active site residues may form temporary covalent bonds with substrate molecules as part of the reaction process.An important word here is "temporary." In all cases, the enzyme will return to its original state at the end of the reaction—it won't stay bound to the reacting molecules. In fact, a hallmark property of enzymes is that they aren't altered by the reactions they catalyze. When an enzyme is done catalyzing a reaction, it just releases the product (or products) and is ready for the next cycle of catalysis.

False. In biofiltration of wastewater, air discharge from a treatment facility is passed through a damp porous membrane that causes contaminants to dissolve in water and be transformed into harmless products.

This statement is wrong because, in biofiltration of wastewater, air discharge from a treatment facility is passed through a damp porous membrane that causes contaminants to dissolve in water and be transformed into harmless products.

Biofiltration is an air pollution control technology that uses microorganisms to break down pollutants into non-toxic substances. Biofiltration technology can be used for a variety of applications, including odour control, volatile organic compound removal, and hazardous air pollutant reduction. Biofilters, bio-scrubbers, and bioswales are all examples of biofiltration systems.

Biofilters are used in the biofiltration process to remove pollutants from the air. The biofilter is typically a fixed-bed or trickling filter that contains a moist organic media such as compost, soil, or peat. The pollutants are adsorbed onto the organic media's surface, where microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae break them down into non-toxic substances.

Biofiltration technology is being employed in wastewater treatment as well. In wastewater treatment, biofilters are used to remove contaminants from the water. Biofiltration is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective method of treating wastewater. Biofiltration aids in the removal of pollutants from the water. Biofilters are commonly used in wastewater treatment to remove organic pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon compounds.

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Functional genomics is a field that explores how genes function and interact to contribute to the development and progression of various diseases and conditions.

It involves the analysis of DNA, RNA, and protein expression patterns in different biological samples to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms that drive disease processes and other physiological responses. The primary goals of functional genomics are to: Understand how genes function to form a human Understand the function of each gene Study the structure and interaction of cellular proteins Discover the role of noncoding regions of the genome1.

Design new genes for the human genome: Functional genomics is not intended to design new genes for the human genome. It aims to explore how genes function and interact to contribute to the development and progression of various diseases and conditions. However, research in this field may lead to the discovery of new genes that could be targeted for therapeutic purposes.

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Answer:

TRUE

Explanation:

All organisms work together to make the reef dynamic and complex entity.

Answer:

its c

Explanation:

The statement that is true regarding the cellular structure of a neuron is; The neurology resident told Sally that neurons and their dendrites, which send and receive signals, made up the nerves and that the information was transported only from the PNS to the CNS. Option A is correct.

This statement accurately describes the composition of nerves and the direction of information transmission. Neurons, which consist of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon, are the basic building blocks of the nervous system. Dendrites receive signals from other neurons, while the axon transmits signals to other neurons.

Nerves, on the other hand, are composed of bundled axons of neurons and are responsible for transmitting information between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS). The information flow typically occurs from the PNS to the CNS.

Hence, A. is the correct option.

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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is

"While the neurology resident, Dr. Takahashi, was performing her examination, Sally asked her what a nerve was made of exactly. Which of the following statements is true regarding the cellular structure of a neuron? A) The neurology resident told Sally that axons of neurons make up the nerves that transfer information between the PNS and CNS. B) The neurology resident told Sally that the cell body, or some, made up the nerves and that this structure was what allowed the signal to travel between the CNS and PNS. C) The neurology resident told Sally that neurons and their dendrites, which send and receive signals, made up the nerves and that the information was transported only from the PNS to the CNS. D) The neurology resident told Sally that neurons and their dendrites, which send and receive signals, made up the nerves and that the information was transported only from the CNS to the PNS."--

The difference in the concentration of substances and temperature affect the shelf life of fruits and vegetables by increasing their intrinsic decomposition.

The expression plant decomposition makes reference to a natural process where the plant parts can lose their properties.

The time of decomposition and/or putrefaction depends on environmental factors such as room temperature and internal factors such as ethylene concentration.

In conclusion, the difference in the concentration of substances and temperature affect the shelf life of fruits and vegetables by increasing their intrinsic decomposition.

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Answer:

food chian

Explanation:

1) Living like Colin Beavan and his family is not impossible, however, it sure is difficult. Such a lifestyle can be made even easier with government programs put in place to help.

2) Living with minimal impact on the environment is not impossible. Many humans are already doing same. The financial sector in first work countries have already put measurs in place to encourage such kind of living among corporate individuals. It is hoped that when corporations catch the vision, it will trickle down to others. It's all about Environmental Protection.

We conserve for three primary reasons:

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Answer:

Plasma Membrane

Explanation:

Hope this helps any!

Answer:

It is important to know that the chemical reactions of metabolic pathways help our cells to turn food into energy.

Explanation:

The food we consume provides our cells with the energy required to carry out bodily functions, just as light energy provides plants with the means to create the chemical energy they need.

Ecosystem-based management is an approach that takes into consideration the entire ecosystem and its interconnected components when making decisions about natural resource use. It can help advance sustainable natural resources use in Guyana by promoting a holistic and integrated approach to conservation and management.

To develop a plan for the conservation of natural resources in Guyana using ecosystem-based management, the following steps can be taken:

1. Identify and understand the ecosystems: Conduct comprehensive assessments to identify and understand the various ecosystems present in Guyana, such as forests, wetlands, rivers, and coastal areas. This will provide insights into the biodiversity, ecological processes, and services these ecosystems offer.

2. Assess the state of the resources: Evaluate the current status and trends of natural resources in Guyana, including flora, fauna, water bodies, and minerals. This assessment will help identify vulnerable or endangered species, areas of high biodiversity, and potential threats.

3. Establish conservation goals and objectives: Define specific conservation goals and objectives based on the assessments conducted. These goals should consider the need to protect biodiversity, maintain ecosystem services, and support sustainable livelihoods for local communities.

4. Engage stakeholders: Involve relevant stakeholders, including government agencies, local communities, indigenous groups, NGOs, and scientific experts. Encourage their active participation in decision-making processes to ensure diverse perspectives are considered.

5. Develop management strategies: Based on the conservation goals and stakeholder input, develop management strategies that integrate the principles of ecosystem-based management. These strategies should focus on protecting key habitats, managing land and water resources sustainably, and minimizing impacts from activities such as mining, logging, and agriculture.

6. Implement and monitor: Put the management strategies into action, ensuring proper enforcement of regulations and policies. Regularly monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the implemented strategies to identify any necessary adjustments or improvements.

7. Promote education and awareness: Raise awareness among the public and stakeholders about the importance of ecosystem-based management and sustainable natural resource use. Promote education and capacity-building initiatives to empower local communities to actively participate in conservation efforts.

By adopting ecosystem-based management, Guyana can enhance the sustainable use of its natural resources while safeguarding its unique ecosystems and supporting the well-being of its people.

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