The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. it is called Extinction.
Extinction is an important part of learning as it helps in understanding how associations are formed between stimuli and behavior. It is a form of learning where previously learned associations between conditioned stimuli and responses are weakened or disappear over time. When a previously conditioned response no longer occurs, this is called extinction.
When a previously conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus, extinction occurs. This occurs due to the weakening of the connection between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. The animal learns that the conditioned stimulus no longer predicts the unconditioned stimulus and stops responding to the stimulus.
Extinction also occurs in operant conditioning. This is when a behavior that was previously reinforced is no longer reinforced. The animal learns that the behavior is no longer associated with the reinforcement and stops responding. This can happen due to a change in the environment or a change in the consequences of the behavior.
Extinction is an important part of learning as it helps animals adapt to their environment. By learning that certain stimuli or behaviors no longer predict rewards or punishments, animals can change their behavior to better adapt to their environment.
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(-17) - 21
rewrite (please give good explanation)
in intrinsic termination, inverted repeat dna sequences followed immediately by a string of produce an mrna stem-loop followed by a string of .
In intrinsic termination, inverted repeat DNA sequences are followed immediately by a string of nucleotides that are complementary to the inverted repeat DNA sequences. This creates an mRNA stem-loop, which is formed when the mRNA sequence is complementary to its own sequence.
This mRNA stem-loop can then bind to the ribosome, blocking the elongation of the polypeptide chain, and eventually leading to the termination of translation. Thus, the inverted repeat DNA sequence and the complementary mRNA stem-loop act together to trigger intrinsic termination.
The string of nucleotides following the inverted repeat DNA sequence helps to stabilize the formation of the mRNA stem-loop and facilitate the termination of translation. This string of nucleotides is also known as an upstream termination sequence. This sequence is important for the efficient termination of translation.
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What is the only place on Earth where you can find lemurs living in the wild? OKenya Madagascar O Mozambique Tanzania D Question 14 1 pts I live in the forests of Southeast Asia. I am arboreal and swing through the trees. I have Y-5 molars, and I eat a lot of fruit. I live in small social groups, where males and females work together to defend the territory and raise offspring. What type of primate am I? orangutan O gorilla bonobo O gibbon
The only place on Earth where you can find lemurs living in the wild is Madagascar. Hence, the correct option is B) Madagascar.
A brief on Lemurs are primitive primates that are found only in Madagascar. These primates look like a mix between a monkey, a squirrel, and a cat. They vary in size from as small as a mouse to as large as a medium-sized dog. Their tails can be longer than their bodies, and they have pointed furry ears. They are the most endangered of all primates and are threatened by hunting and habitat loss. A brief Primates are mammals, with arms, legs, and hands that can grasp things firmly. They have opposable thumbs and big toes, which help them climb trees. They have big brains and are intelligent, social animals. Primates are found all over the world, but they are most diverse in the tropics. They are divided into two groups, prosimians, and anthropoids. Prosimians are the oldest primates and are found only in Madagascar and nearby islands. Anthropoids are divided into two groups, monkeys and apes. Orangutans, gorillas, bonobos, and gibbons are all apes.
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6. Put the following five terms in order frorn simplest to most complex
tissue, organ system, organ, cell, organism.
Answer: Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, than Organism
Explanation:
Answer:
cell tissue organ organ system organism
All cells engage in cellular respiration- therefore they produce ATP. True or False.
False
Explanation:
Because all cella engage in cellular respiratiom because not al the cell
would your results for each of the three test tubes in this experiment have been affected if the dna had been chemically sheared?
Yes, if the DNA is chemically sheared during an experiment, the outcomes for each of the three test tubes can be impacted.
Chemical shearing is a method used to break DNA molecules into smaller fragments. This is often done to make it easier to work with DNA samples, for example, in sequencing or PCR experiments. However, chemical shearing can cause variability in the size of the resulting DNA fragments and can introduce breaks or other damage to the DNA, leading to altered results in the experiment.
In an experiment involving DNA, the results can be affected by the quality, purity, and integrity of the DNA. Chemical shearing can cause the DNA to become fragmented, leading to variation in the quantity and quality of DNA used in the experiment. This can affect the accuracy and reproducibility of the results obtained from the experiment.
Therefore, it is important to ensure that the DNA used in an experiment is of high quality and that the method used to extract or modify the DNA does not result in significant damage to the DNA molecule. In general, it is advisable to use DNA that has been extracted using methods that minimize shearing, such as mechanical shearing or enzymatic digestion.
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what types of bacteria will carry out nitrification? question 40 options: a) heterotrophs b) chemoorganotrophs c) fastidious heterotrophs d) lithotrophs e) phototrophs
The bacteria that carry out nitrification are (d) lithotrophs, which means they obtain energy from inorganic sources.
Nitrification is a two-step process in the nitrogen cycle that involves the oxidation of ammonia (NH3) to nitrite (NO₂⁻) by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), and further oxidation of nitrite to nitrate (NO₃⁻) by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). These bacteria are chemoautotrophs, meaning they use inorganic compounds as a source of energy and carbon dioxide as a source of carbon.
Option (d) lithotrophs is the correct answer for the question. Heterotrophs (option a), chemoorganotrophs (option b), fastidious heterotrophs (option c), and phototrophs (option e) obtain their energy from organic compounds rather than inorganic sources and are not directly involved in the process of nitrification.
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The transition from an afferent arteriole to an efferent arteriole occurs in the ________.
The transition from an afferent arteriole to an efferent arteriole occurs in the renal corpuscle, specifically in the glomerulus of the nephron.
The renal corpuscle, located within the kidney, is responsible for the initial filtration of blood to form urine. It consists of two main components: the glomerulus and the Bowman's capsule. The transition from an afferent arteriole to an efferent arteriole takes place within the glomerulus.
The afferent arteriole brings blood into the glomerulus, branching into a network of capillaries known as the glomerular capillaries. Within the glomerulus, filtration occurs as blood pressure forces plasma and small molecules into Bowman's capsule, forming the initial filtrate. The efferent arteriole then emerges from the glomerulus, carrying the remaining blood and filtered substances away from the renal corpuscle.
This transition from the afferent arteriole to the efferent arteriole in the glomerulus is essential for the process of renal filtration and urine formation. It helps regulate blood flow and pressure within the glomerulus, facilitating the filtration of waste products, toxins, and excess water from the bloodstream into the renal tubules for further processing and reabsorption.
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Complete the following table that compare the four informal group of protit. Protozoan Slime mold Algae Seaweed
Decription
Example
They consist of multicellular seaweed and single-celled diatoms. They produce food through photosynthesis and have chlorophyll like plants.
Protozoa are they bacteria?Protozoa, often known as protozoa, are single-celled creatures similar to bacteria. However, they resemble animals and plant cells more since they are larger than bacteria and have a nucleus or other cell features.
What exactly are protozoans?One-celled organisms known as protozoa are present in most ecosystems on earth. Although the majority of species are free-living, all higher mammals are contaminated including one or more protozoan species. Depending on the type and strain of a parasite and the host's resistance, infections can vary from asymptomatic to fatal.
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Which type of stem cell is able to differentiate into any cell type, including extraembryonic placental cells?(1 point)
Ο pluripotent cells
Ο multipotent cells
Ο embryonic cells
Ο totipotent cells
The totipotent cells type of stem cell is able to differentiate into any cell type, including extraembryonic placental cells.
What are totipotent cells?Totipotent stem cells are cells that have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into the three primary germ cell layers of the early embryo and into extra-embryonic tissues such as the placenta.
Moreover, totipotent means having the ability to differentiate into all cell types. For example, the zygote and early embryonic cells are totipotent since they can differentiate into any cell type during development.
Therefore, totipotent stem cells have the capacity to produce all adult cell types, can enter the germ line (i.e. contribute genetic material to succeeding generations), and have proven ability to self-replicate (i.e. produce daughter cells that are identical to the parent).
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Which level of organization includes all the other levels of organization?
Answer: The highest level of organization for living things is the biosphere; it encompasses all other levels. The biological levels of organization of living things arranged from the simplest to most complex are: organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, and biosphere.
Explanation:
Which group of corticosteroids influences electrolyte composition?
The group of corticosteroids that influences electrolyte composition are the mineralocorticoids. Mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone, are a type of steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex.
They are involved in regulating the balance of electrolytes (such as sodium, potassium, and chloride ions) and water in the body by acting on the kidneys.
Aldosterone, the most potent mineralocorticoid, stimulates the reabsorption of sodium ions and the excretion of potassium ions in the kidneys. This helps to maintain the proper electrolyte balance in the body, which is necessary for proper cell function and overall health.
Imbalances in mineralocorticoid levels can lead to conditions such as hyperaldosteronism (too much aldosterone production) or hypoaldosteronism (too little aldosterone production), which can cause problems with electrolyte balance and fluid volume in the body.
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Explain how the chemical structure of the carbon atom accounts for the differences between the male and female lions seen in the photo
Answer:
in male lion, two methyl groups are present in its structure while in female lion, two hydroxl groups are present in its structure
Explanation:
The chemical structure of the carbon atom is different in both male and female lion because both male and female lions have different sex harmones which are totally different from one another. In male lion, testosterone is a sex hormone whose chemical formula is C19H28O2 and two methyl groups and one hydroxl group are present in its structure while in female lion, oestradiol is a sex hormone having a chemical formula C18H24O2 and two hydroxyl groups are present.
Which of the following CANNOT be converted to glucose?
-glycerol
-glycogen
-fatty acids
-glucogenic amino acids
The answer is Fatty Acids.
Fatty Acids cannot be converted to glucose, whereas Glycerol, Glycogen, and Glucogenic Amino Acids can.
What is glucose?
Glucose is a sugar molecule that is found in the bloodstream of animals and plants. The cells in your body use glucose as a primary source of energy. The body generates glucose by breaking down carbohydrates in your diet, and it can also produce glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as protein or fat.
Amino acids are organic compounds that play a variety of roles in the body, including building proteins and other molecules. There are two types of amino acids that the body can use for energy: ketogenic and gluconeogenic.
Ketogenic amino acids can be converted to ketone bodies in the liver, which can be used for energy when glucose levels are low. Gluconeogenic amino acids, on the other hand, can be used to produce glucose when glucose levels are low.
Glycerol can be converted to glucose, as can glycogen and gluconeogenic amino acids.
Fatty acids, however, cannot be converted to glucose. Instead, fatty acids are broken down into molecules called acetyl-CoA, which can be used to generate energy in the form of ATP via a process called the Krebs cycle.
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Passive transport can be explained by which
statement?
Particles move randomly.
O Energy is used to move particles.
o Large particles can move into cells.
Particles are moved to areas of higher
concentration.
Answer:
It must be large particles move into cells, unless there is another option
Explanation:
Passive transport does not require energy, so the first one is incorrect
Particles are moved from areas of high concentration to an area of low concentration, so the last one is also incorrect
So it should be large particles can move into cells, unless of course there is another option
Answer:
The correct answer is A " particles move randomly "
Explanation:
Question
What would most likely occur over time if
many of the producers in an ecosystem
were killed by disease?
O Less energy would be available to
consumers at all levels.
O More energy would be available for
new producers.
O Decomposition would slow
dramatically.
O Herbivores would have less food, but
carnivores would not be affected.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Less energy would be available
Imagine that you are a doctor in a maternity ward. During your last shift , 20 babies were born. 10 had blue eyes and 10 had brown eyes. Remember the genotypes are the two alleles given for each trait, written with a letter. For this activity B=brown eyes b= blue eyes. Phenotypes are the physical appearance of the trait. Considering what you know about dominant and recessive genes, what are the possible genotypes for brown eyed babies? What are the possible genotypes for blue eyed babies? Explain how you came to this response making sure to discuss dominant and recessive genes.
The possible genotypes for brown-eyed babies could be BB or Bb.
What are dominant and recessive genes?In this case, the dominant allele B codes for brown eyes, while the recessive allele b codes for blue eyes. When an organism has two copies of the dominant allele (BB), it will always express the dominant phenotype (brown eyes) since dominant alleles take precedence over recessive alleles. When an organism has one dominant allele (B) and one recessive allele (b), it will also express the dominant phenotype (brown eyes).
The possible genotypes for blue-eyed babies could be bb. In this case, the individual has two copies of the recessive allele (bb) and will only express the recessive phenotype (blue eyes) since there are no dominant alleles present to take precedence.
It is important to note that phenotypes are only determined by the observable traits, and genotypes are determined by the underlying genetic information. Just because two individuals have the same phenotype, it does not necessarily mean they have the same genotype.
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When a couple of forces (moment) acts on a body what condition(s) will be on this body? A Body is moving and rotating B Body is moving in one direction Body is rotating D) Body is in equilibrium
When a couple of forces (moment) acts on a body, the condition on the body is that it is rotating.
The term "couple of forces" refers to a pair of forces that have equal magnitudes, opposite directions, and are parallel to each other but do not share the same line of action. When a couple of forces acts on a body, it creates a rotational effect or moment. This moment causes the body to rotate around its center of mass or a specific axis.
Therefore, the presence of a couple of forces indicates that the body is undergoing rotational motion. The body may or may not be moving in a particular direction, but it will definitely be rotating.
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what is the measurement of the osmotic pressure gradient between two fluid compartments?
The measurement of the osmotic pressure gradient between two fluid compartments is determined by the difference between their respective solute concentrations.
What is osmotic pressure?
Osmotic pressure is a term used to describe the amount of pressure that must be applied to a solution to avoid water from moving through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration.
The pressure exerted by a solution on a semipermeable membrane as a result of the difference in solute concentrations between the two sides of the membrane is referred to as osmotic pressure.
What is a concentration gradient?
A concentration gradient is a measure of the difference in concentration of a solute between two separate regions. The rate at which the concentration of a solute changes as a result of the solute's movement is determined by the concentration gradient. The greater the difference in solute concentration between the two regions, the greater the concentration gradient.
What is a solute?
A solute is a substance that dissolves in a solvent, creating a solution. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more components. In a solution, the solute is the component that is present in the smallest amount. The solvent is the component that is present in the largest amount.
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Highlight (2) U Calculator
allows scientists to study several generations of Brassica plants in a short time. Usually the scientists use Brassica plants to study genetics
In one investigation that studied the inheritance of Brassica stem color, scientists crossed a heterozygous dominant (Rr) plant with a homoz
plant. This resulted in offspring with purple stems (RR or Rr) and offspring with green stems (rr). A Punnett square for this cross is shown i
You may use the calculator.
Type your answers in the boxes.
What percent of the offspring will have green stems?
What percent of the offspring will have purple stems?
Based on the Punnett square, the percent of offspring with green stems is 25%. The percent of offspring with purple stems is 75%.
What is a Punnett square?A Punnett square is a graphical representation used in genetics to predict the frequency of different genotypes in the offspring produced from a cross between two parent organisms. It is named after Reginald Punnett, who developed the concept in 1905.
A Punnett square is a table that shows the possible combinations of alleles from the two parents, and the frequency at which each combination is expected to occur in the offspring. By using a Punnett square, scientists can predict the likelihood of certain genetic traits appearing in the offspring, and therefore gain a deeper understanding of the laws of inheritance.
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If homeostasis is not maintained, what will most likely happen to the digestive system?
combination of irregular (aperiodic) vocal fold vibration and turbulent airflow through the glottis"" describes ______.
The description given describes the voice quality known as roughness.
What is a voice ?A voice is the sound produced by vibration of the vocal cords caused by air passing out through the larynx and the pharynx. It is the sound made by a person when speaking, singing, or making vocalizations. The characteristics of a person's voice, such as pitch, tone, and timbre, are determined by the anatomy of the vocal cords, as well as factors such as age, gender, and emotional state.
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PLS HELP!!! I will mark brainliest!! What is a question about volcanoes that could be answered by doing an experiment??? I canNOT create a model.
Answer:
what chemical reaction causes a volcano to erupt?
Explanation:
hope that helps :)
when animals consume the same general types of food we consider them to be on the same ___ level g
When animals consume the same general types of food, we consider them to be on the same trophic level. Trophic levels are defined as the positions of organisms in a food chain or food web, based on their feeding relationships.
The lowest trophic level consists of producers, such as plants, which produce their own food through photosynthesis. Herbivores, or primary consumers, feed on the producers and occupy the next trophic level. Secondary consumers, such as carnivores, feed on the primary consumers and occupy the third trophic level, and so on.
The concept of trophic levels is important in understanding the flow of energy and nutrients through ecosystems. As animals consume food, they convert some of the energy stored in that food into their own tissues and use the rest to carry out life processes such as respiration, movement, and reproduction. Only a small percentage of the energy stored in each trophic level is transferred to the next level, with the majority being lost as heat.
This means that there is a limit to the number of trophic levels that can exist in an ecosystem, as energy and nutrients become increasingly scarce at higher levels.
Overall, trophic levels help us to understand the complex interactions between animals and food in ecosystems, and highlight the importance of maintaining a balance between different species and their habitats.
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High-altitude cirrus clouds are primarily formed from which substance?
A.
ozone molecules
B.
nitrogen compounds
C.
carbon dioxide gas
D.
solid ice crystals
Answer:
D. Solid Ice Crystals
Explanation:
"Cirrus clouds are wispy, curly, or stringy. They are found high in the atmosphere—typically higher than 6,000 meters (20,000 feet)—and are usually made of ice crystals." -National Geographic
If you have been vaccinated agairist a virus, what should happen when you are
exposed to that virus?
a potentially fatal infection
the secondary immune response
the primary immune response
a lifelong infectious disease
Answer:
secondary immune response
Explanation:
Given the information below, which of the following statements is CORRECT?
Protein Molecular Weight (kDa) pI
A 55 6.0
B 13 5.9
C 57 9.6
A) Given a mixture of Protein A and Protein B, ion exchange chromatography can be used to separate the two proteins
B) Given a mixture of Protein A and Protein C, gel filtration chromatography can be used to separate the two proteins
C) Given a mixture of Protein B and Protein C, gel filtration chromatography or ion exchange chromatography could be used to separate the two proteins
D) Given a mixture of Protein B and Protein C, gel filtration chromatography can be used to separate the two proteins but ion exchange chromatography could NOT be used to separate the two proteins
The following statements about proteins A, B, and C are:
statement A is not correctstatement B is not correctstatement C is correctstatement D is not correctIon exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography statement AIon exchange chromatography separates proteins based on their net charge. The pH of the buffer can be used to control the polarity and magnitude of a protein’s charge. The pH at which a molecule has no net charge is called its isoelectric point (pI).
In this case, Protein A has a pI of 6.0 and Protein B has a pI of 5.9. Given that their pIs are very close, it would be difficult to separate these two proteins using ion exchange chromatography alone. Therefore, statement A is not correct.
statement BGel filtration chromatography separates proteins based on their size. The separation is achieved using a porous matrix that allows smaller molecules greater access while larger molecules are excluded from the matrix.
In this case, Protein A has a molecular weight of 55 kDa and Protein C has a molecular weight of 57 kDa. Given that their molecular weights are very close, it would be difficult to separate these two proteins using gel filtration chromatography alone. Therefore, statement B is not correct.
statement CGiven a mixture of Protein B and Protein C, gel filtration chromatography could be used to separate the two proteins based on their size. Protein B has a molecular weight of 13 kDa while Protein C has a molecular weight of 57 kDa. The difference in their molecular weights is significant enough for gel filtration chromatography to effectively separate them.
On the other hand, ion exchange chromatography separates proteins based on their net charge. Protein B has a pI of 5.9 and Protein C has a pI of 9.6. Given that their pIs are significantly different, ion exchange chromatography could also be used to separate these two proteins. Therefore, statement C is correct.
statement DA mixture of Protein B and Protein C, gel filtration chromatography could be used to separate the two proteins based on their size. Protein B has a molecular weight of 13 kDa while Protein C has a molecular weight of 57 kDa. The difference in their molecular weights is significant enough for gel filtration chromatography to effectively separate them.
On the other hand, ion exchange chromatography separates proteins based on their net charge. Protein B has a pI of 5.9 and Protein C has a pI of 9.6. Given that their pIs are significantly different, ion exchange chromatography could also be used to separate these two proteins. Therefore, statement D is not correct.
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In your explanation, include:
Identify organs of the urinary system.
Relate the organs with their
functions.
• The material this system uses to
maintain balance in the body.
Answer:
The kidney is an organ that is part of the urinary system.
Explanation:
The kidney's function is to filter out waste from your blood. It requires water and your blood to maintain balance in your body. The waste from your blood and the water will go out as urine.
What is a limitation of the bell jar model when modelling ventilation?
One limitation of the bell jar model when modeling ventilation is its oversimplified representation of real-world conditions. The bell jar model assumes a uniform and consistent distribution of airflow within the enclosed space, disregarding factors such as complex air currents, turbulence, and variations in temperature and humidity. In reality, ventilation dynamics are influenced by a range of factors, including room geometry, furniture placement, and occupancy patterns, which cannot be accurately captured by the simplistic bell jar model. This oversimplification may lead to inaccurate predictions or underestimation of ventilation rates in real-life scenarios.
Another limitation is the lack of consideration for external influences on ventilation. The bell jar model typically assumes a closed system, neglecting the impact of external factors such as wind, temperature differentials, and outdoor air quality. In real environments, these external influences play a crucial role in ventilation dynamics. Wind direction and speed, for instance, can significantly affect the inflow and outflow of air in a building. Temperature differences between indoor and outdoor environments can drive natural ventilation processes. Ignoring these external factors in the bell jar model may result in unrealistic estimations of ventilation rates and limit its applicability to real-world scenarios.
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Why people get cholera in our community
Answer:
Search Results
Featured snippet from the web
A person can get cholera by drinking water or eating food contaminated with cholera bacteria. In an epidemic, the source of the contamination is usually the feces of an infected person that contaminates water or food. The disease can spread rapidly in areas with inadequate treatment of sewage and drinking water.
Explanation:
The mode of transmission of Cholera is through fecal contamination of food or water. Transmission is therefore closely associated to poor environmental management due water and sanitation issues