Which two viral characteristics provide evidence to support the



argument that viruses are more similar to living components than to



nonliving components of an ecosystem?




A. Viruses contain genetic material.




B. Viruses are made of cells.




c. Viruses use and store energy to grow.




D. Viruses reproduce independently.




E. Viruses evolve through mutation and natural selection

Air pollution is caused the burning of fossil fuels, resulting in the formation of smog and acid rain.

Air pollution is the release of harmful substances into the air which makes it unfit and unhealthy for breathing.

Substance which pollute the air are known as air pollutants.

The burning of fossil fuels causes dangerous gases to enter the atmosphere. Heavy, dense fog caused by dangerous gases mixing in the atmosphere is called smog. Acid rain occurs when dangerous gases mix in the atmosphere and fall back to the surface in liquid form.

Therefore, air pollution is caused by releasing pollutants air.

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Answer:

yee

Explanation:

The burning of ✔ fossil fuels causes dangerous gases to enter the atmosphere. Heavy, dense fog caused by dangerous gases mixing in the atmosphere is called ✔ smog

✔ Acid rain occurs when dangerous gases mix in the atmosphere and fall back to the surface in liquid form.

If an embryo divides into two separate embryos, these embryos would be the saen, because they originated from the same cygote, which means they come from only one egg fertilized by only one spermatozoid.

As the embryos would be identical, then it would result in identical twins (B is the right answer).

Answer:

1. Molecular data:  

- Advantages:  

a. less susceptible to evolutionary convergence

b. huge amount of potential characters available for data comparison (each nucleotide can potentially be used to assess the state of a character)

c. useful for assessing times of divergence

- Disadvantages:  

a. multiple sequence alignments are hard to solve for sequences with high evolutionary rates

b. limitation to the number of states of the character

c. generally unuseful for comparing with data from extinct species

d. difficulties of inferring positional homology

2. Morphological data:

- Advantages:  

a. useful to understand the evolutionary significance of traits in extinct ancestral species

b. there is not limitation to the number of different states of the character

- Disadvantages:

a. susceptible to evolutionary convergence

b. limited number of characters is available

Explanation:

Morphological and molecular data are the two primary sources of information used to infer homology. In the last years, molecular data gained ground for this purpose. However, it should be stressed that molecular data only have 4 different states (i.e., 4 different types of nucleotides), while for morphological data in principle there is not limitation to the number of different states. On the other hand, morphological traits are more susceptible to evolutionary convergence, thereby leading to spurious results when assessing the homology of problematic characters. Finally, it is important to highlight that morphological data are generally more useful to understand the origin and homology of traits in extinct species.

Answer:  Soil tilth.

Explanation:

Good soil tilth is also associated with good soil structure. This is important because a vast majority of the world's agriculture depends upon rainfall to produce a reliable supply of food, feed, or fiber and when the soil has an unstable structure, infiltration of rainwater into the soil is often very limited.

Answer:

The constants are just variables that are kept constant throughout the experiment. For example, even though the question did not mention this, we can assume that sunlight is a constant, otherwise it wouldn't be a fair experiment.

Some of the constants could be...

- Sunlight

- Water

- Room temperature

- Hours of light

- Soil quality

Let me know if this helps!

Answer:

Phospholipids have four major components: fatty acids, a glycerol component, and both a phosphate group and a polar molecule. Human sex hormones, like testosterone and estrogen, are classed as steroids. Steroids most often have a four-fused ring structure. Waxes are composed of alcohol and a fatty acid.

Explanation:

Magic

The two neurotransmitter systems most likely involved in the hyperexcitability seen during withdrawal from chronic alcohol are glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

What is glutamate?

Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter that is responsible for increasing brain activity. As a result, alcohol, a central nervous system depressant, counteracts the effects of glutamate and slows down brain activity. When someone stops drinking, the excess glutamate in their system can result in seizures and other symptoms of withdrawal.

What is gamma-aminobutyric acid?

Gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA, is the opposite of glutamate. It's a calming neurotransmitter that slows down brain activity. Alcohol increases the amount of GABA in your system, which contributes to the relaxing effects of drinking. When a person stops drinking, they are left with insufficient GABA levels in their system, which can cause anxiety, tremors, and other withdrawal symptoms.

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The objective of exercise (A) is to estimate the 3-year mortality rate of the new species and obtain a 90% confidence interval. In exercise (B), the objective is to determine the minimum number of new trees needed to achieve a specific estimate error with 95% confidence.

In exercise (A), the task is to estimate the 3-year mortality rate (p) of a new species of dogwood in an industrial area, based on the observation of 28 out of 45 seedlings dying in the same area.

To obtain a 90% confidence interval for the mortality rate, statistical methods can be applied. The smaller value of the confidence interval will provide a lower bound for the estimated mortality rate.

In exercise (B), the objective is to determine the minimum number of new trees that need to be grown and observed over three years to achieve an estimate error of 0.08 with 95% confidence.

This calculation takes into account the mortality rate (p) obtained from the first study. By ensuring an adequate sample size, the desired level of precision can be achieved in estimating the mortality rate for the new species.

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Adrenergic agents produce bronchodilation by causing the release of norepinephrine which results in increased production of norepinephrine, cyclic AMP.

Bronchodilation is a mechanism that results in the dilation or enlargement of the bronchial tubes or airways in the lungs, which are otherwise constricted. Adrenergic agents produce bronchodilation by causing the release of norepinephrine which results in increased production of cyclic AMP.

Cyclic AMP is produced when norepinephrine is released, which causes bronchodilation by relaxing the smooth muscle lining the bronchial tubes. As a result, air flows more easily through the bronchial tubes or airways, allowing the individual to breathe more easily.

Therefore, the correct option is norepinephrine, cyclic AMP.

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Answer: An organ

Explanation: Tissue is muscle matter made up of cells. Tissues working together for a single function is called an organ. organs working together make up an organ system, such as your cardiovascular system, or digestive system.

Answer:

Answer:

its 445

Explanation:

Cells are the fundamental units of life and are responsible for the structure, function, and organization of all living organisms. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms are made up of cells. Some cells, like red blood cells, are non-living in nature.

Cells are the fundamental units of life and are responsible for the structure, function, and organization of all living organisms. They are limited in size, typically ranging from 200 to 500 micrometers in diameter. However, it's important to note that cell size can vary depending on the organism and cell type.

One of the correct statements about cells is that both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms are made up of cells. Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. On the other hand, eukaryotic cells, found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists, have a nucleus and various organelles.

Additionally, cells can exist independently as single cells or come together to form multicellular organisms. single-celled organisms, like bacteria and protozoa, are capable of carrying out all necessary life functions on their own. Multicellular organisms, such as plants and animals, are composed of specialized cells that work together to perform specific functions.

While the majority of cells are living entities, there are some cells that are non-living in nature. For example, red blood cells lack a nucleus and other organelles, making them non-living cells. However, they play a crucial role in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.

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The correct statement about cells is: Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms are made up of cells.

The statement that "both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms are made up of cells" is correct. Cells are the fundamental units of life and are the building blocks of all living organisms. Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells, found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists, have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

The other statements are incorrect:

- Cells are not limited in size between 200 to 500 micrometers in diameter. Cells can vary greatly in size, ranging from microscopic bacteria to large, complex cells like neurones

- While most cells are part of multicellular organisms, single cells can exist independently. Examples include unicellular organisms like amoebas and certain types of bacteria.

- Cells, by definition, are living entities. They carry out essential life processes such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Non-living structures, such as viruses, are not considered cells.

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The length of each phase in bacterial growth is determined by factors such as nutrient availability, temperature, and environmental conditions.

During the lag phase, bacteria adapt to their environment, with the duration dependent on the conditions they were in before inoculation. A longer lag phase may occur if cells need to repair damage or synthesize essential enzymes for growth.

In the exponential (log) phase, bacteria divide rapidly, and the growth rate is influenced by factors such as nutrient concentration, temperature, and the organism's generation time. Optimal conditions will result in a shorter, more rapid exponential phase. As nutrients deplete and waste products accumulate, growth rates decrease, and the stationary phase begins.

During the stationary phase, the bacterial growth rate is essentially zero, with cell death equaling cell division. The length of this phase is determined by the ability of bacteria to endure stress, competition for remaining nutrients, and resistance to toxic waste products.

Finally, the death (decline) phase occurs when the rate of cell death surpasses the rate of cell division due to extreme environmental stress or nutrient exhaustion. The length of this phase depends on the resilience of the bacterial population and the severity of stress factors.

In summary, the length of each phase in bacterial growth is determined by environmental factors, nutrient availability, and the organism's adaptability and resilience.

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Answer:

67100 millimeters, 6.71 decameters and 6,710 centimeters measurements are equal to 671 decimeters

Explanation:

You can use conversion:

Use conversion:

1 millimeters = 0.01 decimeter

1 kilometer = 10000 decimeter

1 hectometers = 1000 decimeter.

1 decameter = 100 decimeters

1 centimeters = 0.1 decimeter

As per the statement:

To find which measurements are equal to 671 decimeters:

A.

67100 millimeters

Using conversion:

1 millimeters = 0.01 decimeter

then,

67100 millimeters = 671 decimeter.

B.

0.671 kilometers

Using conversion:

1 kilometer = 10000 decimeter

then,

0.671 kilometers = 6710 decimeter.

C.

67.1 hectometers

1 hectometers = 1000 decimeter.

then,

67.1 hectometers = 67100 decimeters.

D.

6.71 decameters

1 decameter = 100 decimeters

then,

6.71 decameters = 671 decimeters

E.

6,710 centimeters

1 centimeters = 0.1 decimeter

then,

6710 centimeters = 671 decimeters.

But only A, D, and E are correct

Answer:

cervical

Explanation:
The trigeminal nerve consists of: mandibular (V3), maxillar(V2) and ophtalmic nerve (V1)

The correct order of layers of Earth's interior from outside to the Earth's center is:

a. Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Crust, Outer Core, Inner Core.

Option A is the correct answer.

This refers to the layers that make up the earth namely: the lithosphere, asthenosphere, lower mantle (also known as mesospheric mantle), outer core, and inner core The core makes ups 15 percent of the Earth's volume, and the mantle takes 84 percent. The remaining 1 percent is made up of the crust.

Earth's layers can be positioned according to chemical composition ( that is what they are made of) or mechanical properties (that is rock strength and elasticity).

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Answer:

To study leukemias that affect cells of the adaptive immune system, cells of the lymphoid lineage such as B cells and T cells are labeled. The expression of CD19 (Figure 3) is specific to the B cell lineage, and is maintained throughout differentiation and even neoplastic transformation, making it useful in the diagnosis of leukaemia 2.

Explanation:

please add me as brainliest...

Answer:

i can't see it very well

Explanation:

the duration of contact is extended The force felt by a boxer as they move away from a blow is lessened since the punch has more time to make contact with them.

Impulse is the result of the force as well as the moment of application, and this notion explain why "rolling with both the punches" in boxing is effective. Since force is inverse proportional to time, when he moves his head forward the time increases and as a result the impact of force decreases. As a result, the boxer hits a very little bit less forcefully. A. It lengthens the impact period while lessening the force of the hit. The moment of impact and force are decreased when the boxer travels towards the strike.

(When a boxer is moving away from a punch, the force experienced is reduced because

A) momentum transfer is reduced.

B) the time of contact is increased.

C) the force is less effective.

D) all of the above)

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False. Inheritance of the sickle cell allele from only one parent results in sickle cell trait, not sickle cell anemia. Individuals with sickle cell trait generally do not experience anemia, circulatory problems, or early death related to the condition, as they still have one normal hemoglobin gene from the other parent. Sickle cell anemia occurs when a person inherits the sickle cell allele from both parents.

The sickle cell allele is a genetic mutation that affects the structure of hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells. In individuals with sickle cell trait, only one of the two copies of the hemoglobin gene carries the sickle cell mutation, while the other copy is normal. People with sickle cell trait typically have some normal hemoglobin and some sickle hemoglobin in their red blood cell. In contrast, individuals who inherit two copies of the sickle cell allele, one from each parent, have a condition called sickle cell disease. In sickle cell disease, nearly all of the hemoglobin in the red blood cells is of the abnormal sickle type, which can cause the cells to deform into a sickle shape and become rigid. This can lead to a range of severe symptoms, including chronic anemia, recurrent pain crises, organ damage. Sickle cell disease is a serious condition that requires ongoing medical management and can significantly affect a person's health and quality of life.

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Answer:

A gene can take different forms called alleles.

Explanation:

An allele is a variant form of a gene. Some genes have a variety of different forms, which are located at the same position, or genetic locus, on a chromosome. Humans are called diploid organisms because they have two alleles at each genetic locus, with one allele inherited from each parent.

A gene is a stretch of DNA or RNA that determines a certain trait. Genes mutate and can take two or more alternative forms; an allele is one of these forms of a gene. For example, the gene for eye color has several variations (alleles) such as an allele for blue eye color or an allele for brown eyes.

Children with an APGAR score less than 4 require immediate, life-saving intervention.

The APGAR score is a quick assessment performed at one and five minutes after birth to evaluate the overall health and well-being of a newborn. It evaluates five parameters: heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color. Each parameter is scored from 0 to 2, with a maximum total score of 10. A low APGAR score indicates the need for immediate medical attention and interventions to stabilize the newborn's vital functions and ensure their well-being.

Therefore, scores below 4 indicate severe distress and require prompt and potentially life-saving interventions.

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The coordinated movement of individual microtubules by motor proteins, despite their random orientations, is achieved through a mechanism known as "sliding filament model" or "Brownian ratchet model."

In this model, the motor proteins, such as kinesin and dynein, attach to the microtubules and undergo a cyclic process of binding, walking, and releasing. The random thermal motion of the motor proteins results in occasional attachment in different orientations to the coverslip. However, due to the asymmetric structure of the motor proteins and the microtubules, their walking motion is unidirectional.

As motor proteins walk along the microtubules, they generate forces that lead to the sliding of adjacent microtubules in a coordinated manner. This coordinated movement occurs because the walking of motor proteins is directional, and they tend to generate forces in one direction, effectively preventing a tug-of-war scenario.

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A deletion or insertion near the beginning of a gene will have a larger impact than a deletion or insertion towards the end of a gene. This is because the beginning of a gene typically contains the promoter region and start codon.

To understand why deletions/insertions at the beginning of a gene have a larger impact than those towards the end of a gene, it is important to understand how a gene works.

Genes are made up of different parts, including a promoter region, exons, introns, and terminator region.

The promoter region is located at the beginning of the gene and contains the information necessary for gene transcription. This includes the start codon and transcription factor binding sites, which are responsible for initiating the process of transcription and determining when, where, and how much of the gene product is made.

If a deletion or insertion occurs in this region, it can significantly disrupt gene transcription and alter the rate and extent of gene expression.

In contrast, deletions or insertions towards the end of a gene are less likely to have a large effect on gene expression. This is because the terminator region is usually located at the end of the gene and does not contain essential information for transcription. As a result, any changes in this region are more likely to have limited effects on gene expression.

In summary, any changes near the beginning of a gene will have a larger impact than changes towards the end of a gene.

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Answer:

b)a very large molecule

Explanation:

A macromolecule is a very large molecule, such as a protein. They are composed of thousands of covalently bonded atoms. Many macromolecules are polymers of smaller molecules called monomers. The most common macromolecules in biochemistry are biopolymers and large non-polymeric molecules such as lipids and macrocycles. 

In a laboratory exercise involving plant tissue culture research, the term "ppm" (parts per million) is used to indicate the concentration of a substance in a solution. However, ppm may not be commonly used in plant tissue culture research for several reasons.

First, plant tissue culture research often involves working with cells, tissues, or organs in vitro, and requires precise control of the chemical and physical environment. The concentrations of nutrients, growth regulators, and other substances are typically expressed in molar units, such as millimolar (mM) or micromolar (µM), as these units facilitate easier calculation and understanding of chemical reactions and interactions.

Second, the sensitivity of plant tissues to various substances can vary significantly depending on the species, tissue type, and growth conditions. Expressing concentrations in ppm might not provide the desired level of accuracy or precision required for some experiments. Molar units allow for a more precise representation of concentration, ensuring that the conditions can be accurately replicated and controlled throughout the research process.

Finally, using molar units instead of ppm also aids in the standardization of methodologies and results across different research studies. This standardization facilitates more effective communication among researchers and enables easier comparison of results obtained from various experiments.

In conclusion, while ppm is a unit of concentration, it might not be commonly used in plant tissue culture research due to the need for precision, sensitivity, and standardization in experimental conditions. Instead, molar units such as mM or µM are often preferred for these studies.

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Answer:

Fire extinguisher.

Explanation:

Fire extinguisher is the appropriate safety equipment to have at the side of the baker while heating a solution in a beaker because sometimes the solution catch heat due to reactions with flammable liquids which leads to big incident so in this case fire extinguisher can avoid such type of incident by turn off the heat due to the gas present inside the container of fire extinguisher so this safety equipment is necessary at the side of the reaction.

Answer:

NADPH

Explanation:

H₂O will break down into Hydrogen and Oxygen. The plant will use the Oxygen while the Hydrogen will escape while ADP will become ATP and O₂ will be used by the plant.