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scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. it is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. however, studies show that of scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty, a disproportionately large number entered their field at an older age than is usual. since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies' finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have aged but rather that scientists over forty have generally spent too long in their field.in the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?a. the first is the position that the argument as a whole defends; the second is evidence that is advanced as part of that defense.b. the first and second are both claims that have been advanced in support of a position that the argument as a whole opposes.c. the first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second provides evidence in support of a competing explanation that the argument defends.d. the first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is evidence that has been used against an alternative explanation that the argument defends.e. the first is an explanation that the argument defends; the second is evidence that has been used to challenge that explanation.