Fill in the missing amounts in each of the eight case situations below.Required: A. Assume that only one product is being sold in each of the four following case situations: Case Units Sales Variable Contribution Margin Fixed Net Operating Sold Expenses Per Unit Expenses Income Loss 1 15,000 $180,000 $120,000 $4 $50,000 $______2 4,000 $100,000 $60,000 $10 $32,000 $8,0003 10,000 $______ $70,000 $13 $_______ $12,0004 $6,000 $300,000 $210,000 $15 $100,00 $(10,000)B. Assume that more than one product is being sold in each of the four following case situations:Case Sales Variable Average Contribution Fixed Net Operating Expenses Margin Ratio Expenses income (Loss)1 $500,000 $______ 20% $______ $7,0002 $400,000 $260,000 35% $100,000 $40,0003 $______ $______ 60% $130,000 $20,0004 $600,000 $420,000 _______% $______ $(5,000)

Opening stock is an important component in the preparation of the final accounts of a business, as it represents the value of goods available for sale during the period.

In the final accounts, opening stock is typically recorded in the trading account. The trading account shows the gross profit or loss made by the business during the period, and it is prepared by subtracting the cost of goods sold from the net sales revenue.

Overall, opening stock is an important concept in the preparation of final accounts, as it helps to determine the cost of goods sold and the gross profit or loss made by a business during a financial period.

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A person who requests for a loan and has a low credit score will be subjected to higher interest rates from banks. As a result, choice (B) is accurate.

Between 300 and 550 is regarded as a low credit score. You must make significant efforts to raise your credit score if it is in this area. You will not be qualified to apply for a loan or a credit card if you have a low credit score.

Whether it's a car loan, mortgage, or credit card account, borrowing can be more difficult if you have a poor score interest rates. And even if you are approved, your high risk of default means that you will probably have to pay higher interest rates.

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Suppose the company desires to make a profit of shs. 195,000, what should be the output in units is given as 27444.44 units

The calculation of the break even point

66 - (44 + 4)

= 18

The break even sales unit

200000 + 90000 / 18

= $16611

Break even sale in amount = 16611 x 66

= 1096326 dollars

299000 + 195000 / 18

= 27444.44

The sales output in units is 27444.44

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Answer:

Explanation:

1) Indirect Competition is a business whose services are different from yours but satisfy the same need.

True

2) All Companies that sell goods and services are Indirect Competitors.

False

3) When your target audience buys products from a competitor instead from you, that is Indirect Competition.

False

4) Direct Competition is a company that offers the same thing you offer.

True

Answer:

EOS M50 Mark II EF-M 15-45mm f/3.5-6.3 IS STM Lens Kit Black

search it

Based on the positive NPV of $419,910, I would recommend that Harlow accept the device as a new product.

Year Sales in units Sales Revenue Variable Costs Contribution Margin Fixed Expenses Net Cash Inflow

1 6,000 $420,000 $240,000 $180,000 $130,000 $50,000

2 9,000 $630,000 $360,000 $270,000 $130,000 $140,000

3 10,000 $700,000 $400,000 $300,000 $130,000 $170,000

4 12,000 $840,000 $480,000 $360,000 $130,000 $230,000

5 9,000 $630,000 $360,000 $270,000 $130,000 $140,000

6 7,000 $490,000 $280,000 $210,000 $130,000 $80,000

Step 2/5

b. Based on the positive NPV of $419,910, I would recommend that Harlow accept the device as a new product. The NPV indicates that the project is expected to generate more cash inflows than outflows, providing a return higher than the required rate of return of 10%.

Step 3/5

3.

a. NPV calculation with a required rate of return of 12%:

Year Net Cash Inflow Present Value Factor (12%) Present Value

1 $50,000 0.893 $44,650

2 $140,000 0.797 $111,940

3 $170,000 0.712 $121,040

4 $230,000 0.636 $146,280

5 $140,000 0.567 $79,380

6 $80,000 0.507 $40,560

NPV = Present Value of Net Cash Inflows - Initial Investment

= ($543,850 - $157,500)

= $386,350

Step 4/5

b. Based on the positive NPV of $386,350, I would still recommend that Harlow accept the device as a new product even with a higher required rate of return of 12%. The project is still expected to generate more cash inflows than outflows, providing a return higher than the required rate of return.

Step 5/5

4. The general observation is that as the required rate of return increases from 10% to 12%, the NPV decreases from $419,910 to $386,350.

This suggests that the higher the required rate of return, the lower the expected return on investment for the project, which may reduce the project's attractiveness.

However, the project still generates a positive NPV at both

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Harlow Appliance has just developed a new air fryer it believes will have broad market appeal. The company has performed marketing and cost studies that revealed the below information:

A. New equipment would have to be acquired to produce the air fryer. The equipment would cost $157,500 and have a six-year useful life. After six years, it would have a salvage value of $7,500.

B. Sales in units over the next six years are projected to be as follows:

YEAR

SALES IN UNITS

1

4,500

2

6,000

3

7,000

4-6

10,000

C. Production and sales of the air fryer would require working capital of $30,000 to finance accounts receivable, inventories, and day-to-day cash needs. This working capital would be released at the end of the project’s life.

D. The air fryer would sell for $70 each; variable costs for production, administration, and sales would be $40 per unit.

E. Fixed costs for salaries, maintenance, property taxes, insurance, and straight-line depreciation on the equipment would total $100,000 per year. (Depreciation is based on cost less salvage value.)

F. To gain rapid entry into the market, the company would have to advertise and the costs would be:

YEAR

ANNUAL ADVERTISING ($)

1-2

$135,000

3

$112,500

4-6

$90,000

G. The company’s required rate of return is 10%.

Requirements

Based on the above details, please complete the below requirements for a total grade of 60 marks (5%).

1. Compute the net cash inflow (incremental contribution margin minus incremental fixed expenses) anticipated from sale of the device for each year over the next six years. (20 marks)

2. Using the data computed in (1) above and other data provided in the case,

(a) determine the net present value of the proposed investment rounding present value factors to three decimal places and amounts to whole dollars. (18 marks)

(b) Would you recommend that Harlow accept the device as a new product? Why? (2 marks)

3. Assuming instead that the required rate of return is 12% rather than 10%,

(a) determine the net present value of the proposed investment rounding present value factors to three decimal places and amounts to whole dollars. (15 marks)

(b) Would you recommend that Harlow accept the device as a new product? Why? (2 marks)

4. When comparing parts 2 and 3, what general observation do you notice? (1 mark)

Answer:

A

C

Explanation:

Productivity = total amount of slides created / total time in minutes

Min-Ahn's productivity = 35 / 90 = 0.3889

To convert Min-Ahn's time to minutes , remember that 60 minutes = 1 hour

so, (1 x60) + 30 minutes = 90 minutes

Ying's productivity = 28/45 = 0.622

Based on the given amounts of assets and liabilities, the missing amount of Owner's equity is $301,000

The Owners equity is one of the parts of the Accounting equation which is:

Assets = Liabilities + Owners Equity

The Assets in this instance is $573,000 and the Liabilities are $272,000.

The Owner's equity is the missing amount and it can be found as:

573,000 = 272,000 + Owners Equity

Owners Equity = 573,000 - 272,000

Owners Equity = $301,000

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The Retained earning for White Corporation is $5,200 for the year ended December 31, 2012.

After deducting all of a company's overhead expenses, income taxes, and profits for shareholders, the amount of profit left over is known as retained earnings.

Following is the statement of retained earning for White Corporation-

Retained Earning      $2,000

    less(Dividend)         -$800

              Balance  =    $1,200

 add(Net income)     +$3000

add (Rent Expense)  +$1,000

Retained earning   =   $5200

Therefore, the Retained earning for the year ended on December 31, 2012 of White Corporation will be $5200.

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Financial aid letters show your aid and costs of attendance for an academic year.

This is a letter that a tertiary institution gives to a student to show the cost of their attendance at the college they are currently enrolled in.

The period covered in the letter is the academic year which means that the costs associated with two semesters of attending the university will be shown to the student.

These costs will include things like tuition fees, room and board fees, transportation and other miscellaneous costs.

The letter will also include all the financial aids that the student may receive including federal grants, college grants, state grants, and federal loan options that a person may be eligible for.

In conclusion, financial aid letters show the costs of attendance in an academic year and the aid that comes with it.

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Answer:down

Explanation:The four dimensions of human resource management practices are: Managing The Human Resource Environment, Acquisition and Preparation of Human Resources, Assessment and Development of Human Resources, and Compensation of Human Resources as stated by Noe et al (2010).

Answer: HR managers carry out a variety of tasks to ensure a business runs smoothly. The various dimensions of management functions in Human Resource management are as follows:

Explanation:

a. Planning

Planning for various things, from the hiring process to training and development programs, is the most crucial duty of an HR manager. Planning lays the foundation for other HR management responsibilities, such as determining job qualifications and the organization's need for recruitment.

b. Organizing

An HR manager is responsible for performing this role after the planning phase (discussed above) is finished. To meet the requirements and wants of the workforce while achieving business goals, they must create strategies and programs.

c. Directing

To carry out the goals and plans they have developed, HR managers need personnel. As a result, they lead their teams in a way that carries out the manager's goals and strategies. They assign tasks to the team members and keep tabs on their performance to assess their progress.

d. Controlling

One of the most significant managerial duties and obligations of an HR manager is this. In doing so, the HR manager monitors deviations, corrects them, and compares the results to the objectives. This entails tasks like audits and appraisals.

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Astin's coworker who is reviewing his work points out that he should replace words like "full-stack" and "bootstrap" because they are considered: D. jargon.

In English language, a word can be defined as a unit of language which comprises one or more spoken sounds and alphabets (letters) that connotes an information about a thing, action, event, etc.

Jargons can be defined as a group of words or noun that are typically used to connote computers, definitions of terminologies, related topics, computing activities, and concepts.

In this context, we can reasonably infer and logically deduce that words such as "full-stack" and "bootstrap" should be replaced by Astin because they are considered as jargon.

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Answer:

Explanation:

i know it's is

Answer:

Step 1: Research arguments for and against the idea of raising the minimum wage

Arguments for raising the minimum wage:

Increases in the minimum wage can help to reduce poverty and income inequality by giving low-wage workers more money to live on.

Higher wages can lead to increased consumer spending, which can stimulate economic growth and create jobs.

Higher wages can improve the quality of life for low-wage workers and their families, as they will be able to afford better housing, food, and other necessities.

Arguments against raising the minimum wage:

Higher wages can lead to increased costs for businesses, which may cause some companies to lay off workers or reduce their hours in order to save money.

Higher wages may lead to higher prices for goods and services, as businesses try to recoup their increased labor costs.

Higher wages may lead to companies outsourcing jobs to countries with lower labor costs in order to remain competitive.

Step 2: Create a graph to show the effect (shortage or surplus) of the government regulation on the minimum wage

[graph]

Explanation:

The graph shows the effect of the government raising the minimum wage on the labor market. The demand for labor (represented by the downward-sloping demand curve) reflects the willingness of businesses to pay for labor at different wage rates. The supply of labor (represented by the upward-sloping supply curve) reflects the willingness of workers to supply their labor at different wage rates.

At the equilibrium wage rate (W*), the quantity of labor demanded by businesses (Ld) is equal to the quantity of labor supplied by workers (Ls). This results in a balance between the supply and demand for labor, and there is no surplus or shortage of labor in the market.

If the government raises the minimum wage above the equilibrium wage rate (to Wmin), the demand for labor decreases (to Ld') as businesses are unwilling to pay the higher wage rate. This leads to a surplus of labor in the market, as the quantity of labor supplied by workers (Ls) exceeds the quantity of labor demanded by businesses.

Step 3: Write a persuasive argument in favor of raising the minimum wage

As the debate over the minimum wage continues, it is important to consider the benefits and drawbacks of increasing this important economic policy. While some argue that raising the minimum wage would lead to job losses and higher prices for goods and services, there is compelling evidence to suggest that raising the minimum wage would have a number of positive effects on workers, businesses, and the economy as a whole.

One of the main arguments in favor of raising the minimum wage is that it would help to reduce poverty and income inequality. According to a report by the National Bureau of Economic Research, increasing the minimum wage to $15 per hour (a rate that is currently being debated in many states) would lift millions of workers out of poverty and reduce income inequality by increasing the wages of low-paid workers relative to higher-paid workers. This would not only improve the quality of life for these workers and their families, but it would also stimulate consumer spending and boost economic growth.

Another argument in favor of raising the minimum wage is that it would lead to increased productivity and lower turnover rates among workers. Research has shown that when workers are paid higher wages, they are more likely to be motivated and engaged in their work, leading to higher levels of productivity. In addition, higher wages can lead to lower turnover rates, as workers are less likely to leave their jobs in search of higher pay elsewhere. This can save businesses money in the long run by reducing the costs associated with training new employees.

Research arguments for and against the idea of raising the minimum wage

Arguments for raising the minimum wage:

Increases in the minimum wage can help to reduce poverty and income inequality by giving low-wage workers more money to live on. Higher wages can lead to increased consumer spending, which can stimulate economic growth and create jobs.

Higher wages can improve the quality of life for low-wage workers and their families, as they will be able to afford better housing, food, and other necessities.

Arguments against raising the minimum wage:

Higher wages can lead to increased costs for businesses, which may cause some companies to lay off workers or reduce their hours in order to save money.

Higher wages may lead to higher prices for goods and services, as businesses try to recoup their increased labour costs. Higher wages may lead to companies outsourcing jobs to countries with lower labour costs in order to remain competitive.

A graph to show the effect (shortage or surplus) of the government regulation on the minimum wage:

The graph shows the effect of the government raising the minimum wage on the labour market. The demand for labour (represented by the downward-sloping demand curve) reflects the willingness of businesses to pay for labour at different wage rates. The supply of labour (represented by the upward-sloping supply curve) reflects the willingness of workers to supply their labour at different wage rates.

At the equilibrium wage rate (W*), the quantity of labour demanded by businesses (Ld) is equal to the quantity of labour supplied by workers (Ls). This results in a balance between the supply and demand for labour, and there is no surplus or shortage of labour in the market.

If the government raises the minimum wage above the equilibrium wage rate (to Wmin), the demand for labour decreases (to Ld') as businesses are unwilling to pay the higher wage rate. This leads to a surplus of labour in the market, as the quantity of labour supplied by workers (Ls) exceeds the quantity of labour demanded by businesses.

A persuasive argument in favour of raising the minimum wage:

As the debate over the minimum wage continues, it is important to consider the benefits and drawbacks of increasing this important economic policy. While some argue that raising the minimum wage would lead to job losses and higher prices for goods and services, there is compelling evidence to suggest that raising the minimum wage would have a number of positive effects on workers, businesses, and the economy as a whole.

One of the main arguments in favour of raising the minimum wage is that it would help to reduce poverty and income inequality. According to a report by the National Bureau of Economic Research, increasing the minimum wage to $15 per hour (a rate that is currently being debated in many states) would lift millions of workers out of poverty and reduce income inequality by increasing the wages of low-paid workers relative to higher-paid workers. This would not only improve the quality of life for these workers and their families, but it would also stimulate consumer spending and boost economic growth.

Another argument in favour of raising the minimum wage is that it would lead to increased productivity and lower turnover rates among workers. Research has shown that when workers are paid higher wages, they are more likely to be motivated and engaged in their work, leading to higher levels of productivity. In addition, higher wages can lead to lower turnover rates, as workers are less likely to leave their jobs in search of higher pay elsewhere. This can save businesses money in the long run by reducing the costs associated with training new employees.

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Market segmentation, in marketing, is the division of a broad target market into more focused groups based on shared characteristics, tendencies, requirements, or preferences.

In marketing, market segmentation refers to the process of breaking up a large target market into more narrowly defined segments based on shared traits, tendencies, needs, or preferences. Identification of various market segments is necessary in order to target them with specialized marketing techniques and messages.

Think about a business that sells athletic shoes. They choose to use market segmentation to find particular segments with varied wants and preferences when it comes to athletic shoes rather of targeting the full market of potential clients.

The corporation can effectively target these niche markets with goods and advertising messages that speak to their particular needs and preferences by using market segmentation. Their chances of succeeding in the market are eventually increased by being able to customize their product offers, pricing, promotional techniques, and distribution networks to each segment.

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There are three main parts of income statements and they are:

This refers to the profit and loss account of a company that shows the expenses and revenue for a particular company.

Hence, we can see that a sample income statement would be:

BOSKA COMPANY

Income statement for August 29, 2021

NET SALES------------------ $2,000,000

GROSS SALES-------------$500,000

GROSS PROFIT-------------$1,5000,000

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Answer:

total costs plus a margin of profit.

Explanation:

The price of an item is calculated by including the total cost and profit margin.

Here total cost includes both fixed cost and the variable cost i.e to be incurred and without profit margin, no one could send their product. For maximising your profit and maintaining the price you have to lowered your production cost so that it can be met with the competitor price or it should be less than it

hence, the last option is correct

Answer:

yes I think so and he will be a good choice for future purposes

Poor financial literacy can affect a career in several ways. Financial literacy can help boost productivity and self-confidence. When we lack productivity, it can lead to sloppy work, and stress in the workplace.

Financial literacy is the ability to understand and effectively use various financial skills, including personal financial management, budgeting, and investing. The meaning of financial literacy is the foundation of your relationship with money, and it is a lifelong journey of learning.

The earlier you start, the better off you will be because education is the key to success when it comes to money.

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Answer:

there

Explanation:

regulation, taxation, and subsidies.

Answer:

Explanation:

regulation, taxation, and subsidies.

The solution that would have to be done in all of the situations that we have here would be:

In the work place, it would be best if the people that are in a particular work environment are able to work in a way that they would avoid all forms of conflicts that may arise.

This would have to do with putting up all of the attitudes that has to do with coming early to work, showing respect and being eager to learn.

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Answer:

1. What did Amazures record as Total Current Assets on December 31, 2019 balance sheet?

2. What did Amazures record as Total Current Liabilities on December 31, 2019 balance sheet?

3. What did Amazures record as Total Assets on December 31, 2019 balance sheet?

4. What was Total Shareholder's Equity on Amazures December 31, 2019 balance sheet?

5. Amazures, Inc. reported net income for 2019 of $2,286,200 and the company paid dividends of $1.05 per share in 2019. Given this information (along with the data provided above), compute what Amazures Company reported as retained earnings on its December 31, 2018 balance sheet? (Assume that no additional shares of stock were issued between December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019).

If we use this new information to recalculate questions 1 - 4, then:

Explanation:

I had to organize the accounts:

Assets:

Cash 2,449,400

Net accounts receivable 2,111,000

Inventory 11,317,500

Net fixed assets 35,802,400

Total assets = $51,680,300

Liabilities:

Accounts payable 2,875,400

Accruals 86,300

Short-term bank loan 547,600

Current portion of Long-term debt 3,754,100

Long-term debt (excluding current portion) 24,768,200

total liabilities = $32,031,600

Equity:

Common stock ($1.60 par value) 1,876,000

Additional paid in capital 9,785,900

Retained earnings 7,986,800

Total equity = $19,648,700

Total liabilities + equity = $51,680,300

ending inventory = beginning inventory + purchases - COGS = 12,479,200 + 146,795,100 - 147,956,800 = 11,317,500

net accounts receivable = gross accounts receivable - returns and allowances = 2,148,600 - 37,600 = 2,111,000

A business letter is not written Option C. between two private individuals.

A business letter is a formal letter used by businesses or companies to communicate with customers, clients, other companies, or government officials. It is used for various purposes, such as requesting information, placing orders, providing feedback, making inquiries, making claims, making offers, and more. Business letters are different from personal letters in that they are more formal, objective, and to the point.

Business letters are usually written by a company's employees who have the authority to do so. For instance, the sales team may write letters to prospective clients to solicit their business, while the human resources department may write letters to job applicants to inform them of their application status. There are various types of business letters, and each serves a different purpose. Some common types of business letters include:

1. Inquiry letters: Used to request information about products, services, or pricing.

2. Order letters: Used to place orders for goods or services.

3. Complaint letters: Used to make a formal complaint about a product or service.

4. Adjustment letters: Used to respond to a complaint or request for an adjustment.

5. Sales letters: Used to sell a product or service.

6. Acknowledgment letters: Used to acknowledge receipt of an order, complaint, or request.

7. Employment letters: Used to communicate with job applicants, employees, or ex-employees.

8. Invitation letters: Used to invite someone to an event or occasion.

9. Cover letters: Used to accompany a resume or job application.

Business letters are important because they create a record of communication between two parties, and they provide a paper trail of events. They are also important because they can be used in legal proceedings, as they show that the parties communicated about a particular matter. Therefore, the correct option is C.

The question was incomplete, Find the full content below:

A business letter is not written

A. between a company and its customers or clients

B. between one company and another company

C. between two private individuals

D. to employees within a company to recognize important achievements

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Answer:

A, 3.8 years

b NPV = $2,189,324.56

c. IRR = 20.33%

d. Primas Corp can carry out the conversion because it would be profitable all other things being equal

Explanation:

Payback calculates the amount of time it takes to recover the amount invested in a project from it cumulative cash flows

Payback period = amount invested / cash flow = $7,125,000 / $1,875,000 = 3.8 years

Net present value is the present value of after tax cash flows from an investment less the amount invested.

Internal rate of return is the discount rate that equates the after tax cash flows from an investment to the amount invested

NPV and IRR can be calculated using a financial calculator

Cash flow in year 0 = $-7,125,000

Cash flow each year from year 1 to 8 = $1,875,000

I = 12%

NPV = $2,189,324.56

IRR = 20.33%

D.the NPV is positive and the IRR exceeds the discount rate so the project is profitable and the company should undertake the project

To find the NPV using a financial calculator:

1. Input the cash flow values by pressing the CF button. After inputting the value, press enter and the arrow facing a downward direction.

2. after inputting all the cash flows, press the NPV button, input the value for I, press enter and the arrow facing a downward direction.  

3. Press compute  

To find the IRR using a financial calculator:

1. Input the cash flow values by pressing the CF button. After inputting the value, press enter and the arrow facing a downward direction.

2. After inputting all the cash flows, press the IRR button and then press the compute button.  

Answer: yes

Explanation:

Because you said the container is already filled so there for it wouldn't have enough space to put more in it

Answer:

TAKE A LEFT

Explanation:

ON 123 SESAME STREET

yessssssssssssssssssssssss

Answer:

Explanation:

First find out the Contribution margin per unit and the fixed costs to enable you calculate the profit for the 18,500 units and the 16,500 units.

DOL = Contribution Margin/ Profit

3.26 = Contribution Margin/ 78,000

Contribution Margin = 3.26 * 78,000

= $254,280

Per unit = 254,280/17,500 = $14.53

Fixed Costs = Contribution - Profit

= 254,280 - 78,000

= $176,280

DOL at 18,500 units.

Profit = (14.53 * 18,500) - fixed costs of $176,280

= $92,525

DOL = Contribution/ Profit

= (14.53 * 18,500) / 92,525

= 2.91

DOL at 16,500 units.

Profit = (14.53 * 16,500) - 176,280

= $63,465

DOL = (14.53 * 16,500) / 63,465

= 3.78

(a) The given statement, "Perfect competition has an identical good" is true.

(b) The given statement, "A monopolistically competitive firm makes zero economic profit in the long run" is false.

(c) The given statement, "The defining feature of oligopoly is a large number of firms" is false.

(d) The given statement, "The defining feature of oligopoly is a large number of firms" is true.

(a) In perfect competition, all firms produce identical goods, which means that consumers cannot differentiate between them based on the product. Therefore, firms have to compete based on price and quality of their product.

(b) In monopolistic competition, firms can earn economic profit in the short run but may not be able to sustain it in the long run. This is because other firms can enter the market and offer similar products, which reduces the demand for the original firm's product and lowers its price, eventually resulting in zero economic profit.

(c) The defining feature of oligopoly is a small number of large firms that dominate the market. These firms have significant market power and can influence the market's price and quantity. Oligopolies can lead to collusion between firms, creating barriers to entry and limiting competition.

(d)  A natural monopoly arises when a single firm can produce the entire output of the market at a lower cost than any combination of two or more smaller firms. This is due to economies of scale, where the average cost of producing a good decreases as the quantity produced increases.

Therefore, it is more efficient to have one firm producing the entire output rather than multiple smaller firms. However, natural monopolies can lead to market failure, and regulation may be necessary to prevent abuse of market power.

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The correct option is Ethos is used in the following quote "As Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense."

As you've read, the term "military" is used to describe all branches of the Armed Forces; the phrase "Army" only refers to a small portion of them. It is the military's land service branch, to be more precise. Despite the fact that the two terms are occasionally used synonymously, they are not the same.

The Army is a strong combat force that protects and serves our country on land, at sea, and in the air. Army Rangers and Special Forces, two elite units, undergo specialized training for complex combat circumstances.

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Answer: Ethos

Explanation: